PSYC 372 - Exam 3 Study Material on Psychological Disorders and Related Concepts

personality

a person's typical/consistent way of thinking, feeling, and behaving

General Personality Disorder

an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture. the pattern is stable, long-term, and begins in adolescence

Cluster A (awkward, odd, eccentric)

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

Cluster B (bold, emotional, erratic)

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

Cluster C (concerned, anxious, worried)

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Cluster A: a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of the motives of others, has the tendency to see self as blameless, and is on guard for perceived attacks by others

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Cluster A: a detachment from social relationships and restricted range of expressed emotions, and the inability/lack of desire to form attachments to others

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Cluster A: social deficits marked by poor comfort/capability in close relationships, as well as cognitive/perceptual distortions of eccentricities. Includes peculiar thought patterns and oddities of perception and speech that interfere with communication and social interaction

Anti-Social Personality Disorder

Cluster B: pervasive pattern of disregard and violation of the rights of others, occurring since at least age 15. Includes lack of moral or ethical development, history of conduct problems as a child, and the inability to follow approved models of behavior

Borderline Personality Disorder

Cluster B: pervasively unstable regarding interpersonal relationships, self-image, emotion, and impulsivity beginning by early adulthood. Includes being terrified of rejection/abandonment and drastic mood shifts

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Cluster B: pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, beginning by early adulthood. Includes self-dramatization, being overly concerned with attractiveness, and irritability and temper outbursts if attention-seeking is frustrated.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Cluster B: pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy beginning by early adulthood. Includes 2 types: grandiose and vulnerable

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Cluster C: pervasively socially inhibited, feels inadequate, and hypersensitive to criticism beginning by early adulthood. Includes hypersensitivity to rejection or social derogation, shyness, and insecurity in social interaction and initiating relationships

Dependent Personality Disorder

Cluster C: pervasive and excessive need to be cared for, leading to submissive and clingy behavior and fears of separation beginning by early adulthood. Includes difficulty in separating relationships, discomfort at being alone, subordination of needs to keep others involved in a relationship and indecisiveness

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Cluster C: pervasively occupied with orderliness, perfectionism, and control at the expense of flexibility/openness/efficiency beginning in early adulthood. Includes lack of expressiveness and warmth and difficulty relaxing/having fun

DSM PD Model

3 clusters, 10 categories, basically no diagnostic reliability

ICD PD Model

6 classifications: negative affect, detachment, dissociability, disinhibition, perfectionism, borderline

Ego Syntonic

issues deemed fitting with the self, they don't see a problem, typically narcissistic/anti-social

Ego Dystonic

issues deemed a mismatch, they do report a problem, typically borderline/O-CPD

Horney's Neurotic Trends

moving toward people, moving against people, moving away from people

Dimensional PD Model

rather than establishing arbitrary categories, some experts advocate for systems of delineated spectra across various symptoms, similar to the 5-factor models

5 Factor Models

OCEAN: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

Sociopath

society is the cause of antisocial nature

psychopath

bio psych etiology, a term reserved for most harmful of anti-social people

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

a form of CBT combined with mindfulness skills to treat Borderline PD, developed by Marsha Linehan

Psychosis

a significant loss of connect with reality and a hallmark of the schizophrenic-spectrum disorders

Delusions

disturbance in content of thought, erroneous/incorrect belief, fixed and firmly held despite clear contradictory evidence

Hallucinations

disturbance in the sensation of environment seems real but occurs absent of any external stimulus, can occur in any sensory modality

made feelings

"they're controlling my body"

thought broadcasting

"They're sending my thoughts over the radio"

Thought insertion

"the police are planting thoughts in my head"

auditory hallucinations

hearing voices that are not real

visual hallucinations

Seeing objects, people, or things that do not actually exist or are dead

Disorganizations

failure to make sense despite conforming to semantic and syntactic rules of speech, thus a disturbance in form, NOT content of thought. EX: disorganized speech

'positive' symptoms

hallucinations and delusions

'negative' behaviors

affect flattening, apathy, asociality, anhedonia, alogia

Disorganized Symptoms

bizarre behaviors, disorganized speech

Schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or grossly disorganized/catatonic behaviors and negative symptoms. Lasts at least 6 months and typically develops in early adolescence

Delusional Disorder

a psychotic disorder in which the primary symptom is one or more delusions with a duration of 1 month or more. The criteria A of Schizophrenia is not met

Brief Psychotic Disorder

a disorder that includes the presence of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or grossly disorganized/catatonic behaviors. Duration is at least 1 day but less than 1 month

Schizophreniform

has the same criteria as Schizophrenia but the duration is at least 1 month but less than 6 month - the 'forming' of schizophrenia

Schizoaffective Disorder

uninterrupted period during which there is a major mood episode (depressive/manic) and is concurrent with Criteria A of Schizophrenia. Delusions/hallucinations for 2+ weeks in the absence of a major mood episode during the lifetime of illness

Genetic Schizophrenia Vulnerability

identical twins most likely to be schizophrenic

Psychosocial/Cultural Factors of Schizophrenia

family context, socio-economic status, immigration, cannabis abuse

Treatment for Schizophrenia

drugs to block dopamine, family therapy, case management, CBT

Somatic Symptoms

symptoms involving physical problems and/or concerns about medical symptoms

malingering symptoms

purposely/knowingly faking for obvious incentives, often exaggerated, acted-out, or self-induced. Incentives include time off from work, insurance claims, lawsuits, innocence, etc

factitious symptoms

purposely/knowingly faking to gain attention/care/support, often seeking only the 'sick role' and no other incentives

somatic symptom disorder

a disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. Symptoms include high anxiety about somatic symptoms, excessive time/energy and is symptomatic for at least 6 months

Illness Anxiety Disorder

a disorder marked by intense preoccupation with the possibility of a serious undiagnosed illness, somatic symptoms are NOT present. there is high anxiety about one's health, and is present for at least 6 months

factitious disorder

a disorder that involves the deceptive falsification or induction of physical/psychological symptoms in oneself or others

Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder)

a disorder where 1 or more symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function such as blindness, paralysis, etc. Subtypes include primary gain (avoidance/escape stress) and secondary gain (other forms of care/attention).

psychological factors affecting other medical conditions (PFAOMC)

a medical symptom or condition is present and psychological or behavioral factors adversely affecting the course of recovery, interference with treatment, health risks, and underlying pathophysiology

Brief somatic symptom disorder

the same diagnostics of SSD but lasts less than 6 months

Brief illness anxiety disorder

the same diagnostics of IAD but lasts less than 6 months

IAD without excessive health-related behaviors

same as IAD but criterion d is not met (excessive health behaviors: checking body, avoiding doctors)

pseudocyesis

a sensation of being pregnant when a true pregnancy does not exist

dissociation

any break from normality of self described prior, fragmented sense of self, reality, memory, or time

depersonalization

unreality of the self and the sense that one's own self/person 'isn't real.' includes detachment, observing self from the outside, and wondering if they are a figment of other's imagination

derealization

the unreality of surroundings: the sense that the outside world 'isn't real.'

depersonalization/derealization disorder

a disorder in which one experiences persistent or recurrent experiences with either/both depersonalization and derealization. those affected are not delusional and are still in touch and can report name, location, etc

dissociative amnesia

Dissociative disorder is characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.

amnesic episodes

most only have 1 and can be as short as minutes to decades

dissociative fugue

a defense mechanism in which autobiographical memory is lost for an episode in which the person travels and adopts a new life. after the fugue ends, the person returns to their prior self BUT with amnesia for the fugue experience

dissociative identity disorder

a disorder in which there is a disruption of identity characterized by 2 or more personality states, recurrent gaps in the recall of events, and has a higher chance in those with a history of child abuse

posttraumatic theory (of DID)

the view that DID starts from the child's attempt to cope with an overwhelming sense of hopelessness and powerlessness in the face of repeated traumatic abuse

sociocognitive theory (of DID)

View that DID develops when a highly suggestible person learns to adopt and enact the roles of multiple identities, mostly because clinicians have inadvertently suggested, legitimized, and reinforced them and because these different identities are geared to the individual's own personal goals.

degeneracy theory

a pseudoscientific belief from the 1750s that semen yielded masculinity

abstinence theory

a pseudoscientific belief from the 1850s that masturbation caused weakness, fatigue, etc

initiation rites

a pseudoscientific belief from the late 1900s that young boys ingested semen from older people to protect themselves

paraphilic disorder

a disorder in which a person's paraphilia causes great distress, interferes with social or occupational activities, or places the person or others at risk of harm - either currently or in the past

Voyeurism

viewing unaware/unsuspecting others who are nude or engaged in sexual activity (peeping Tom)

exhibitionism

exposing one's genitals to unsuspecting others (flashing)

frotteurism

sexually touching oneself/rubbing oneself against unsuspecting others

fetish

sexual arousal from either an inanimate object or a non-genital body part

sexual masochism disorder

sexual pleasure derived from being harmed/humiliated/beaten/bound or other types of suffering

sexual sadism disorder

sexual pleasure derived from inflicting physical/psychological suffering upon others

transvestic disorder

recurrent intense arousal from fantasies/behaviors of cross-dressing

pedophilic disorder

sexual fantasies/urges/behaviors regarding prepubescent children (under 13)

Sex

a biological phenotype, male and female characteristics (primary and secondary)

sexual orientation

description for the types of others to whom one is most romantically and sexually attracted to (gay, straight, etc)

gender identity

how one views oneself in regard to masculinity and femininity

gender expression

how one presents oneself to others in regard to sociocultural gender trends

intersex

sex descriptor for those with non-binary physical traits (having some of both male/female parts)

transgender

umbrella term for those identifying with a gender other than their assigned birth gender

transsexual

those who identify as a sex/gender that does not match their bodies, seeking a social/identity transition

gender dysphoria

diagnostic category in DSM-5 for individuals who do not identify as the gender associated with their biological sex

sexual abuse

sexual contact involving physical or psychological coercion, or at least 1 individual who cannot reasonably provide consent

incest

culturally prohibited sexual relations between family members

legal definition of rape

the penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim

psychological definition of rape

any penetrative and unconsented sexual encounter

consent requirements

legal age of adulthood, full cognitive capacity, non-coerced, and an affirmation is communicated

sexual dysfunction

an impairment in desire for sexual gratification and ability to achieve it

human sexual response cycle

desire, excitement, resolution, orgasm

male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

a male dysfunction marked by a persistent reduction or lack of interest in sex and hence a low level of sexual activity

erectile disorder

a dysfunction in which a man repeatedly fails to attain or maintain an erection during sexual activity

premature ejaculation

a condition in which the male reaches climax too soon, usually before, or shortly after, penetration of the female

delayed ejaculation disorder

inability to ejaculate during intercourse

female sexual interest/arousal disorder

a female dysfunction marked by a persistent reduction or lack of interest in sex and low sexual activity, as well as, in some cases, limited excitement and few sexual sensations during sexual activity

genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

a sexual dysfunction characterized by significant physical discomfort during intercourse