Botany final exam

Solitary flower

a single flower on an upright stalk; also called a terminal or axillary flower.

Inflorescence

Cluster of flowers on the same stalk

Spike

Inflorescence consisting of a central stalk (rachis) with sessile, or nearly sessile, flowers

Catkin

A pendant spike with apetalous unisexual (imperfect) flowers - typically has staminate flowers- also called an ament

Raceme

Inflorescence consisting of a central stalk (rachis) with flowers on pedicels

Corymb

Inferrescense consisting of central stalk (rachis) and a few flowers on pedicels in which ① the pedicels of the more proximal flowers are much longer than those of distal flowers (which gives inflorescence flat appearance ) and ② flowers on proximal pedicels open earliest

Cyme

Inflorescence with few flowers on pedicels in which the individual flowers occur at same level- central or terminal flower opens earliest

Panicle

Indefinitely branching inflorescence -essentially a raceme or corymb

Umbel

Inflorescence consisting of several flowers on pedicels which originate in a whorl from a main stalk (peduncle)- also called simple umbel

Compound umbel

an umbel of umbels

Head

Compact inflorescence consisting of sessile or nearly sessile flowers closely attached to the top of an expanded stem

Ray flowers

Occur on periphery of head- often mistaken for petals

Disk flowers

Occur in center of head- typically smaller and mode inconspicuous than ray flowers

Fruit

Mature ripened ovary and any common structures

Pericarp

Ovary wall

Dry fruits

-ovary tissue is dry when fruit is mature

Dry indehiscent fruits

Do not split open- the fruit rather than the seed is dispersed

Dry dehiscent fruits

Split open and release seeds

Fleshy fruits

Ovary and associated tissue is moist and juicy when fruit is mature (fruit may be brightly pigmented)

Simple fruits

Form from single ovary

Multiple fruits

Form from multiple flowers on same inflorescence

Aggregate fruits

Typically fleshy fruit that develops from many carpels on a single receptacle of a single flower- each carpel develops into a separate fruitlet- fruitlets mature together as a single unit on a common receptacle, along with any associated fleshy structures → in raspberries each carpel develops into a druplet, in strawberries receptacle becomes fleshy each carpel develops into an achene

Follicle

Dry dehiscent fruit that develops from a simple pistil and splits along one suture→milkweed pod

Legume

Dry dehiscent fruit that develops from a simple pistil that splits along two sutures into two values- the edible portion is usually the seeds or immature ovaries with seeds→ peas, beans, peanuts, catalpa

Silique

An elongate dry dehiscent fruit consisting of two compartments separated by a central septum(wall of tissue) to which seeds are attached- typical fruit of mustard family

silicle

A short silique

Capsule

Dry dehiscent fruit that develops from a compound pistil - mechanism of dehiscence is variable

Caryopsis (grain)

Small dry indehescent fruit composed of a single carpel with one seed in which the entire surface of the seed coat is fused to ovary wall- pericarp and seed coat cannot be readily separated-form fibrous tissue called bran → wheat, oats, rice, barley, com kernel

Achene

Small dry indehiscent fruit consisting of singe carpet with one seed, in which there is only one point of attachment of seed to the pericarp - pericarp is readily separable from seed coat→ buckwheat fruits, sunflower fruits

Samara

Winged achene→ box elder fruits, maple fruits

Cypsela

An achene with adherent calyx → fruits of daisies+ dandelions

Nut

Dry indehiscent fruit which ① usually develops from compound pistil with one functional carpel ②generally has only one seed ③ has a hard and stony mature ovary wall (pericarp) ④ typically has an involucre ring of bracts at the base of flower)

Berry

Fleshy fruit with one or more seeds in which all parts of the pericarp are fleshy or pulpy → grape, tomato, pepper, kiwi

pepo

Berry with a thick inseparable rind→ melons, squash, pumpkin, cucumber, gourds

Hesperidium

Berry with a leathery separable rind that contains rind that contains glands which produce aromatic oils → lemon, lime, orange, kumquat, grapefruit

Drupe

Fleshy fruit that typically has one seed, a thin skin like exocarp, fleshy (parenchymatous) mesocarp, story (sclerenchymatous) endocarp which is referred to as a pit → cherries, peaches, almonds, olives, avocados, dates

Multiple fruit

Typically fleshy fruit that develops from ovaries of on inflorescence together with any associated accessory structures→ pineapple

Pome

Fleshy fruit that develops from a flower with a compound pistil and inferior ovary- floral tube becomes part of the fruit, erocorp is thin and skin like, most of pericarp is fleshy, endocarp is cartilaginous → apple, pear, quince, rose hips

Photoautotrophs

Organisms that convert electromagnetic ray energy into

Chemical energy→some bacteria, all Cyanobacteria,brown algae, red algae,euglenoids, green algae, and plants

Heterotrophs

Organisms that must take in organic molecules and break them down for energy → many bacteria,many protists, fungi, animals

NAD+ and NADP+

Oxidizing agents -remove electrons from other chemicals which forms

NADH and NADPH

Redox potential

A molecules tendency to accept or donate electrons

Cytochromes

Intrinsic membrane proteins that contain a heme cofactor which holds an iron atom →they carry electrons only between sites that are extremely close together within a membrane

Plastoquinones

transport electrons over short distances within a membrane

Plastocyanin

a small protein that carries electrons on a copper atom → loosely associated with chloroplast membranes

Chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis→ plastids bound by a double membrane and filled with disk like sacs (thylakoids)

granum

Several thylakoids arranged in a stack

Thylakoid space

Fluid contents inside thylakoid

Stroma

Fluid outside the thylakoid but inside the inner chloroplast membrane