Doctrine of Ethos
music has power over Emotion and Behavior. the music you listen to will be who you become
tetrachords
collection of 4 pitches, upper and lower voices encompass a P4, inner pitches were variable
genera
Diatonic Genus- descending P4, interval pattern from top to bottom: WWHWWWH Chromatic- interval pattern m3, semitone, semitone Enharmonic- interval pattern M3, quartertone, quartertone
Charlemagne
used Catholic church to stabilize and unify area and liturgy. asked Pope Gregory to send singers and chants. Dispute between Romans and Char.'s people over who was right. Char. rewrote chants to ensure everyone sings the same thing
Pope Gregory I
"created" all roman chants by holy spirit
Capella
outlined program for education based on the 7 liberal arts
7 liberal arts
Trivium- grammar, rhetoric, logic Quadrivium- mathematics, geometry, music, and astronomy
Boethius
known for De Institution musica; textbook used to teach music as it appeared in the quadrivium; taught music w/o instruments
classification of music
Musica mudana; music produced by stars and planets and other heavenly bodies Musica humana; human music; harmony, balance, relationships of man w/ society and within himself Musica instrumentalis: instrumental music
Church modes
8 modes; Dorian (D), hypodorian, Phrygian (E), hypophrygian, Lydian (F), hypolydian, mixolydian (G), hypomixolydian (hypo- main note stays in the middle)
Guido of Arezzo
Created solmization syllabus to help singers remember where pitches occur; Guidonian Hand- taught boys to sightsing by pointing at different joints/"pitches"
hexachords
basic unit of medieval theory made up of 6 pitches
Types of hexachords
Hard- starts on G; has B natural that looks like square Soft- starts on F; has Bb Natural- starts on C (no B or Bb)
Mutation
when melody exceeds interval of a 6th, you have to move to another hexachord
liturgical year
4 Sundays of advent, 12 days of Christmas/Epiphany, ordinary time till Lent, 40 days of Easter, pentecost until you countdown for Advent again
Office
called canonical hours because they meet throughout the day; starts at sundown.
Mass
commemoration of the Lord sacrificing His life. Consists of 2 parts: liturgy of the word (sermon) and liturgy of eucharists (communion)
Ordinary text
spoken and sung at every mass and do NOT change
Proper text
change from service to service
Ordinary of the Mass
Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei
3 styles of text setting
Syllabic- one note per syllable Melismatic- many notes of melody on one syllable of text Neumatic- halfway between syllablic and melismatic
Psalms
poems from the book of Psalms that are song
canticles
poems from the bible that are not in the book of Psalms (not sung)
Methods of psalm performance
Direct, responsorial, antiphonal
Recitation Formula
simplest kind of chant, used for responsorial prayers and readings from scripture; usually recited on one note
Psalm Tones
Intonation: formula for getting into the text Reciting tone: tenor Mediant: formula for finishing first half of verse Reciting tone: tenor Termination: formula for ending the verse
Antiphon
proper texts sung before and after Psalms (in one of 8 church modes)
Notker Balbulus
credited to inventing the sequence
Sequence
a new kind of chant that was created through troping
Trope
to add music, text, or both to an existing chant
Liturgical Drama
different soloists assigned "characters" from bible to sing
Hildegard of Bingen
most famous female composer of medieval era; had visions of God throughout childhood (painted them); known around Europe for education, learning, and spiritual gifts; wrote Ordo Virtutum
Goliards
kicked out of church for balmiest music but still highly educated; Carmina Burana
Toubadours
"poetry finders"; from modern day southern France; wrote Fin'amors (courtly love songs)
Trouveres
Modern day northern France; finders of music
Trobairitz
female troubadour that wrote Fin'amors in their perspective
Minnesinger
German counterpart to French Troubadours and Trouveres; both came from the same social class and wrote similar poems; pieces called minnelieder
Bar Form
AAB: stollen, stollen, abgesang; B section always longer than A
Cantigas de Santa Maria
collection of over 400 songs in praise of the Virgin Mary; generically cantigas; strophic with refrain
Estampie
A medieval dance that is one of the earliest surviving forms of instrumental music; Start first phrase, goes to open ending (modern day first ending), back to beginning, repeat however much you want, then to closed ending (M.D. 2nd ending)