Music History Test 1

Doctrine of Ethos

music has power over Emotion and Behavior. the music you listen to will be who you become

tetrachords

collection of 4 pitches, upper and lower voices encompass a P4, inner pitches were variable

genera

Diatonic Genus- descending P4, interval pattern from top to bottom: WWHWWWH
Chromatic- interval pattern m3, semitone, semitone
Enharmonic- interval pattern M3, quartertone, quartertone

Charlemagne

used Catholic church to stabilize and unify area and liturgy. asked Pope Gregory to send singers and chants. Dispute between Romans and Char.'s people over who was right. Char. rewrote chants to ensure everyone sings the same thing

Pope Gregory I

"created" all roman chants by holy spirit

Capella

outlined program for education based on the 7 liberal arts

7 liberal arts

Trivium- grammar, rhetoric, logic
Quadrivium- mathematics, geometry, music, and astronomy

Boethius

known for De Institution musica; textbook used to teach music as it appeared in the quadrivium; taught music w/o instruments

classification of music

Musica mudana; music produced by stars and planets and other heavenly bodies
Musica humana; human music; harmony, balance, relationships of man w/ society and within himself
Musica instrumentalis: instrumental music

Church modes

8 modes; Dorian (D), hypodorian, Phrygian (E), hypophrygian, Lydian (F), hypolydian, mixolydian (G), hypomixolydian
(hypo- main note stays in the middle)

Guido of Arezzo

Created solmization syllabus to help singers
remember where pitches occur; Guidonian Hand- taught boys to sightsing by pointing at different joints/"pitches"

hexachords

basic unit of medieval theory made up of 6 pitches

Types of hexachords

Hard- starts on G; has B natural that looks like square
Soft- starts on F; has Bb
Natural- starts on C (no B or Bb)

Mutation

when melody exceeds interval of a 6th, you have to move to another hexachord

liturgical year

4 Sundays of advent, 12 days of Christmas/Epiphany, ordinary time till Lent, 40 days of Easter, pentecost until you countdown for Advent again

Office

called canonical hours because they meet throughout the day; starts at sundown.

Mass

commemoration of the Lord sacrificing His life. Consists of 2 parts: liturgy of the word (sermon) and liturgy of eucharists (communion)

Ordinary text

spoken and sung at every mass and do NOT change

Proper text

change from service to service

Ordinary of the Mass

Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei

3 styles of text setting

Syllabic- one note per syllable
Melismatic- many notes of melody on one syllable of text
Neumatic- halfway between syllablic and melismatic

Psalms

poems from the book of Psalms that are song

canticles

poems from the bible that are not in the book of Psalms (not sung)

Methods of psalm performance

Direct, responsorial, antiphonal

Recitation Formula

simplest kind of chant, used for responsorial prayers and readings from scripture; usually recited on one note

Psalm Tones

Intonation: formula for getting into the text
Reciting tone: tenor
Mediant: formula for finishing first half of verse
Reciting tone: tenor
Termination: formula for ending the verse

Antiphon

proper texts sung before and after Psalms (in one of 8 church modes)

Notker Balbulus

credited to inventing the sequence

Sequence

a new kind of chant that was created through troping

Trope

to add music, text, or both to an existing chant

Liturgical Drama

different soloists assigned "characters" from bible to sing

Hildegard of Bingen

most famous female composer of medieval era; had visions of God throughout childhood (painted them); known around Europe for education, learning, and spiritual gifts; wrote Ordo Virtutum

Goliards

kicked out of church for balmiest music but still highly educated; Carmina Burana

Toubadours

"poetry finders"; from modern day southern France; wrote Fin'amors (courtly love songs)

Trouveres

Modern day northern France; finders of music

Trobairitz

female troubadour that wrote Fin'amors in their perspective

Minnesinger

German counterpart to French Troubadours and Trouveres; both came from the same social class and wrote similar poems; pieces called minnelieder

Bar Form

AAB:
stollen, stollen, abgesang; B section always longer than A

Cantigas de Santa Maria

collection of over 400 songs in praise of the Virgin Mary; generically cantigas; strophic with refrain

Estampie

A medieval dance that is one of the earliest surviving forms of instrumental music; Start first phrase, goes to open ending (modern day first ending), back to beginning, repeat however much you want, then to closed ending (M.D. 2nd ending)