AnimalFormFunction + AnimalTissue

What limits the shape and size of animals

Shape and height and environment

what SA/V do small animals have?

Large SA/V with high diffusion

What SA/V do large animals have?

Small SA/V with low diffusion

Animals produce _ energy as heat

Waste.

SA:V determines the rate at which waste can diffuse out of membrane

Homeostasis?

“alike-standing. internal conditions remain relatively stable even though an organisms environment may change.

Stability in chemical and physical conditions.

2 Strategies for homeostasis

Regulation and Conform.

Conduction

Coffee. Direct transfer of heat between two physical bodies in contact.

Rock(s) and Turtle(s)

Convection

Heat is exchanged between a (s) and a (l) or (g).

Radiation

heat waves are emitted that may be absorbed, reflected or transmitted through a colder body

Evaporation

Endotherms

conserve insulation via fur, fat, feathers,

Shivering behavior

Maintain metabolic activity at cooler temperature.

Smaller animals have higher SA:V. Lose heat at faster rate and need more energy for H.stasis.

Higher Basal Metabolic Rate

Ectotherms

No insulation. environment-reliant.

Basking, then hide.

Metabolic = Standard Metabolic Rate

Torpor

Shorter, winter nap.

Brumation

torpor for reptiles under lower temp. conditions “cold weather” (frogs, lizards, turtles etc.)

Hibernation

Longer, deep sleep.

Rodents.

Estivation

Ex., crocodiles.

Prolonged…During a … season.

What is mechanical digestion?

physical breakdown of food particles into smaller particles

What is chemical digestion?

the breakdown of complex macromolecules using enzymes

Why can humans swallow while standing on their heads or in zero-gravity?

Name the accessory organs of the digestive tract.

Salvary glands, liver, pancreas, galbladder.

Why would it be risky for cells in the stomahc to produce and secrete pepsin in ts active?

What does stomach Chief cells do?

W

What does stomach Parietal cells do?

make HCL which activates pepsin

Distinguish bolus and chyme?

Role of mucus?

List 3 enzymes that chemically break down proteins? What organs produce hem? Where are they acting?

Pancreatic amylase; starch into di/monosaccharides

Pancreatic lipase; triglycerides into monoglycerides

Bile salts are a form of lipid mechaniac digestion, not chemical. Explain why.

1. Lipases are a form of lipid chemical digestion. Which organs secrete lipases?

1. List the digestive organs involved in absorption.

1. List the digestive organs involved in absorption

1. For the list you’ve created label whether the organ takes part in mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, both, or neither.

Ingestion Methods

Suspension; organism that capture and ingest food particle sssuspended in water.

Deposit Feeder; Animals that on or in sediment and obtain their nutrition by consuming organic material that has settled onto the surface or within the sediment

Fluid Feeders; suck or lap up blood, nectar or other fluids

Mass Feeders; seize and manipulate chunks of food.

Suspension Feeders

Deposit Feeders

Fluid Feeders

Mass Feeders

Incomplete digestive tract

one opening. Ex. , sea anemones

Complete digestive tract

2 openings. Ex., humans.

The digestive tract

Digestive accessory organs

Salivary amylase

Mouth. Polysacharides → disaccharides

Pancreatic amylase

Pancreas. →disaccharides and monosaccharides

Oliggosaccharides

>monosaccharides( glucose, fructose, galactose)

Pepsin

Trypsin, Elastase, chymotrypsin

Carboxypeptidaes

Aminopeptidase

Depeptidase

Lipid digestion

Protein digestion occurs…

Small intestine

Esophagus

Peristalsis

Stomach

Control passage of material

Churns and breaks down food mechanically.

Acidic; HCl

Mucus cells(secrete mucus), Chief cells(pepsinogen), Parietal cells( secretes HCl)

Mucus…

lines the stomach to prevent damage.

Example of assymmetrical animals?

sponge

Radial symmetry

When an animal has an up and down orientation. The plane is divided in a star-shaped manner.

Often in aquatic animals.

Bilateral symmetry

When an animal has a forward-back orientation. The plan divides the animal into a L, and R sides. Allows high level of mobility.

Aquatic animal + Bilteral symmetry =

Fusiform; a tubular shaped body that’s tapered at both ends. Ex, dolphins.

Decrease drag on the body as it moves through water and allows animal to swim at high speeds.

Aquatic organism restraints

Constrained by drag in water.

Why is SA to Volume ratio so important?

The greater the sa/v ratio of an animal the more heat it loses relative to volume. Endothermic org. have a higher BMR than larger ones.

2 strategies for for dealing with energy demands?

insulation by fur/fat/feathers and ecotherms rely on external source od body heat.

How do organisms increase SA without increasing volume?

the microvilli of small intestine.

What are the 4 types of vertebrate digestive system?

Monogastric

Avian

Ruminant

Pseudo

Precursor to pepsin?

Pepsinogen by Chief cells.

Location of digestion of carbs?

Mouth

Location of protein digestion?

Stomach.

Exoskeleton consists of..

chitin + calcium carbonate

Exoskeleton function

protection, water loss, attachment for muscles

Animals with exoskeleton are generally what size?

Small. insects, spiders, crustaceans.

Endoskeleton are composed of…

bones and cartilage

The size of the organism is deteremined by…

the amount of skeletal system it needs to be support tissues

Limits of the shape and size of an animal?

Shape

Size. muscle mass leads to increase in weight

The square cube law states what about area?

Area scales with the square of length

The square cube law states what about volume?

Volume scales with the cube of length.

The problem with diffusion is that…

V:SA ratio decreases as size increases because volume increases at a faster rate than surface area.

How many steps in animal nutrition?

4

Name the four-step process for animal nutrition

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination

2 Types of Animal Digestive Tract

Incomplete(one opening) and Complete(mouth and anus)

Enzymes that act on chyme

Trypsin, chymotrpysin, Elastase

typ1 diabetes keywords/facts

autoimmune. insulin insufficiency.

Type 2 diabetes keywords/facts

insulin insensitivity.

If high blood glucose pressure…

Pancreas stimulates cells in liver and muscle to synthesize glycogen.

Liver + Skel. Musc increases glucose.

Gluconeogenesis synthesize glucose.

If low blood glucose pressure…

Pancreas secretes glucagon

Glucagon stimulates cells in liver to make glycogen.

The pH of our stomachs is very low and the digestive protease enzymes are very powerful. What keeps our stomach linings from being digested?

mucous secretions and active cell division to replace stomach epithelium.

Without functioning parietal cells, which of the following would you expect?

Unable to initiate protein digestion in the stomach

Complete digestion of carbohydrate occurs where?

small intestine

To leave the digestive tract, a substance has to cross a plasma membrane. At which stage of food processing will this take place?

Absorption

When blood sugar is low, which hormone is released at higher levels? What is the result?

Glucagon, a hormone, releases sugar to blood from liver glycogen

How will diffusion of heat be impacted by the size of an animal?

Rate of diffusion will be faster in a small animal because the surface area to volume ratio is bigger.

Suspenfesion feeders eat

small particulates that they filter from water

Which statement below is correct regarding bile salts?

They emulsify fats in the small intestine.

An ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than an equally-sized endotherm because…

The ecottherm invests little energy in temperature regulation

Endotherms can increase their body temp by constricting their blood vessels. T or F?

Tru

Deposit feeders eat…

Substrate such as soil or sediments to digest out detritus/organic material.

An exoskeleton is a hard shell, like a lobster, that increases continually over time as the animal grows. T or F

False, they grow at punctual phase, more like a crab,molting.

As cell size increases, which is true of surface area and volume?

Volume increases at a faster rate than surface area.

An example of an organism that can control its temperature only via behavior is…

Frog

Which digestive enzyme does not act on proteins?

lipase.