Lab 4- Bone tissue

Hyaline Cartilage 

What is Letter A?

Epiphyseal lines

What is Letter B?

Medullary Cavity

What is Letter C?

Compact bone

What is Letter D?

Yellow bone marrow

What is Letter E?

Spongy bone

What is Letter F?

Epiphysis

What is Letter G?

• femur

• humerus

Which is an example of a long bone

Irregular

A vertebra is an example of what shape of bone?

Long bones

• Longer than wide

• Rigid levers acted upon by muscles; crucial for movement

Flat bones

• ´Thin, curved plates

• ´Protect soft organs

Short bones

• Approximately equal in length and width

• Glide across one another in multiple directions

Irregular bones

Elaborate shapes that do not fit into other categories

• Compact bone: Dense, solid, forms outer layer of bones, provides strength and support.

• Spongy bone: Porous, lighter, found inside bones (especially at ends), contains red bone marrow for blood cell production.

Compare and contrast spongy bone and compact bone.

• Organic components (collagen and proteins): Provide flexibility and tensile strength.

• Inorganic components (calcium salts, mainly hydroxyapatite): Provide hardness and resistance to compression.

What are the roles of the organic and inorganic components of the bone matrix?

• Body

• superior and inferior articular facets

• vertebral arch (laminae and pedicles)

• spinous process

• transverse process

• vertebral foramen

• transverse foramen

• intervertebral foramen

What are the main parts of a vertebra?

7

How many cervical vertebrae are there

Transverse foramina in their transverse processes.

What unique feature do cervical vertebrae have?

It’s called the vertebra prominens; its spinous process is larger and rounded at the end instead of bifid (forked).

what is special about the C7 vertebra?

The odontoid process (aka dens), which allows head rotation.

What is the unique feature of the axis (C2)

12

How many thoracic vertebrae are there

Demifacets or facets for ribs and long spinous processes.

What features do thoracic vertebrae have?

• they have no holes (no transverse foramina)

• three prongs.

What are two identifying characteristics of thoracic vertebrae?

5

How many lumbar vertebrae are there

Much larger than the others, have no holes, and five prongs.

what are the characteristics of lumbar vertebrae?

• Sacrum – 5 fused bones

• Coccyx – usually 4 fused bones (can be 3–5).

How many bones make up the sacrum and coccyx?

• Superior articular process

• dorsal and pelvic sacral foramina

• sacral promontory

• sacral canal

• sacral hiatus

• body

• medial sacral crest

What are key features of the sacrum?

sacral promontory

The prominent ridge at the top of the sacrum that marks the pelvic boundary.

Thoracic and sacral curves

• present before birth (fetal “C” shape).

What are the primary spinal curves?

• Cervical (lift the head)

• lumbar (walk)—develop after birth

what are the secondary spinal curves?

• Manubrium

• body (gladiolus)

• xiphoid process

What are the three parts of the sternum?

• notch

• jugular notch

• sternal angle

What are notable features of the sternum?

• Vertebrosternal (True ribs): 1–7

• Vertebrochondral (False ribs): 8–12

• Vertebral (Floating ribs): 11–12

how are ribs classified?

Costal cartilage

What connects ribs to the sternum?

Periosteum

outermost layer of bone

Perforating fibers

collagen fibers that anchors the periosteum to bone

Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells

stem cells that become osteoblasts

Osteoblasts

bone cells that build bone

Osteoclasts

bone cells that break down bone