AP Biology Test Review Unit 7: Nature Selection

What is the primary concept that Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace independently developed?

Natural Selection

What distinguishes homologous structures from analogous structures?

Homologous structures indicate common ancestry, while analogous structures result from convergent evolution.

What are the five conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

1. Mating must be random 2. Large population 3. No migration 4. No natural selection 5. No mutations.

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what do 'p' and 'q' represent?

'p' represents the frequency of the dominant allele, and 'q' represents the frequency of the recessive allele.

What does directional selection favor in a population?

Directional selection favors individuals with traits at one extreme of a trait distribution.

What is the difference between intrasexual selection and intersexual selection?

Intrasexual selection involves competition between the same sex for mates, while intersexual selection involves mate choice.

What is the founder effect?

A genetic phenomenon where a small group establishes a new population, leading to reduced genetic diversity.

Name one prezygotic barrier that can maintain reproductive isolation.

Habitat or geographical isolation.

What is the main characteristic of sympatric speciation?

It occurs without geographical barriers, often due to sexual selection or resource competition.

What did the Miller-Urey experiment demonstrate?

It demonstrated that organic substances could form from inorganic substances under conditions resembling those of early Earth.

What is the RNA world hypothesis?

It suggests that RNA was the original genetic material, with DNA evolving later.

What does the endosymbiont theory explain?

It explains how mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living bacteria that formed symbiotic relationships with early eukaryotes.