ap psych unit 2c-

Retrieval

Process of accessing stored information.

Explicit memory

Conscious recollection of facts and events.

Episodic memory

Memory of personal experiences and events.

Semantic memory

Memory of facts and general knowledge.

Implicit memory

Unconscious memory influencing behavior.

Procedural memory

Memory for skills and tasks.

Prospective memory

Remembering to perform planned actions.

Long-term potentiation

Strengthening of synapses based on activity.

Working memory model

Framework for understanding short-term memory.

Central executive

The component that manages attention and resources.

Phonological loop

Part of working memory for verbal information.

Visuospatial sketchpad

Part of working memory for visual data.

Multi-store model

Theory of memory with distinct storage types.

Sensory memory

Brief retention of sensory information.

Iconic memory

Visual sensory memory lasting milliseconds.

Echoic memory

Auditory sensory memory lasting several seconds.

Automatic processing

Unconscious encoding of information.

Effortful processing

Conscious encoding requiring attention.

Encoding

Transforming information into a memory format.

Levels of processing model

Memory retention depends on processing depth.

Shallow encoding

Basic processing focusing on surface features.

Deep encoding

Complex processing involving meaning and connections.

Mnemonic devices

Techniques to enhance memory retention.

Method of loci

Memory technique using spatial visualization.

Chunking

Grouping information to enhance memory.

Spacing effect

Better retention with spaced learning sessions.

Memory consolidation

Process of stabilizing memories after learning.

Massed practice

Cramming information in a short time.

Distributed practice

Spreading study sessions over time.

Serial position effect

Recall influenced by item position.

Primacy effect

Better recall of first items learned.

Recency effect

Better recall of last items learned.

Maintenance rehearsal

Repetition to keep information in memory.

Elaborative rehearsal

Connecting new information to existing knowledge.

Memory retention

Ability to keep information over time.

Autobiographical memory

Memory of personal life events.

Retrograde amnesia

Loss of memories prior to an event.

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to form new memories after an event.

Alzheimer's disease

Progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting memory.

Infantile amnesia

Inability to remember early childhood events.

Recall

Retrieving information without cues.

Recognition

Identifying previously learned information.

Retrieval cues

Hints to help access memories.

Context-dependent memory

Recall influenced by the environment during learning.

Mood-congruent memory

Recall influenced by current mood.

State-dependent memory

Recall influenced by physiological state.

Testing effect

Improved memory through retrieval practice.

Metacognition

Awareness and control of one's own learning.

Forgetting curve

Rate of memory loss over time.

Encoding failure

Inability to store information in memory.

Proactive interference

Old information disrupts new learning.

Retroactive interference

New information disrupts old memories.

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Temporary inability to retrieve known information.

Repression (psychodynamic)

Unconscious blocking of distressing memories.

Misinformation effect

Altered memory due to misleading information.

Source amnesia

Inability to remember the origin of information.

Constructive memory

Memory shaped by beliefs and expectations.

Imagination inflation

Increased confidence in false memories.

Intelligence

Ability to learn, reason, and solve problems.

g (general intelligence)

Underlying factor influencing overall cognitive ability.

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

Score derived from standardized intelligence tests.

Mental age

Age corresponding to an individual's cognitive ability.

Chronological age

Actual age of an individual.

Standardization

Process of establishing norms for tests.

Validity

Accuracy of a test in measuring what it claims.

Construct validity

Extent to which a test measures a theoretical construct.

Predictive validity

Ability of a test to predict future performance.

Reliability

Consistency of test results over time.

Test-retest reliability

Consistency of scores across multiple administrations.

Split-half reliability

Consistency of scores between two halves of a test.

Stereotype threat

Fear of confirming negative stereotypes affecting performance.

Stereotype lift

Improved performance due to positive stereotypes.

Flynn Effect

Rising IQ scores over generations.

Achievement tests

Assess knowledge in specific subjects.

Aptitude tests

Measure potential for future learning.

Fixed mindset

Belief that abilities are static.

Growth mindset

Belief that abilities can be developed.