Test 1 Genetics

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108 Terms

1

Timeframes for early genetics

10,000-12,000 years ago shows evidence of plant and animal domesticantion

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2

Aristotle’s theory of inheritance

  • Daughters = Mothers

  • Sons = Father

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3

what is the pangenesis theory

every part of the body contains genetic information that is transfered by gemmules (particles) from that body part to the embryo

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4

what is preformationism

inside the egg and sperm is a fully formed tiny human that enlarges and develops over time

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5

explain inheritance of aquired characterists

traits that an organism aquired in their life time passes to their off spring

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6

what is blending inheritance

traits given to offspring are 50/50 from parents

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7

Darwin discovered what theory in 1859

theory of evolution

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8

describe Schleiden Schwann’s cell theory

1939-

  • all life is made up of cells

  • all cells come from preexisting cells

  • cells are the fundemental function of living things

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9

Who is the father of Modern Genetics

1822-1884 Greggor Mendel

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10

What is Mendel’s discovery

the basic principles of heredity

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11

In 1879 Walther Flemmind discoverd…

the division of chromosomes

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12

Who discovered Germ-plasm theory

Weismann 1982

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13

In 1902 Sutton located..

genes on chromosomes

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14

In 1982 Katy Mullis discovered

polymerase chain reaction

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15

Who beat the goverment in 2003, and cost billions

Craig Venter, human genome sequence

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16

who discovered grough breaking gene editing

In 2012 Jennifer Doundna developed CRISPER editing

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17

What is a genome

complete set of genetic instructions

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18

Genome is like a…

Blueprint

  • eithr RNA and DNA ( mostly DNA )

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19

What are DNA wrapped around

Histomes

  • specialized proteins

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20

Alleles

different forms of genes

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21

DNA structure

  • A: adenine

  • T: thymine

  • G: guanine

  • C: cytosine

Charguff’s Rule -

A=T

G+C

<ul><li><p>A: adenine </p></li><li><p>T: thymine </p></li><li><p>G: guanine</p></li><li><p>C: cytosine </p></li></ul><p>Charguff’s Rule - </p><p>A=T</p><p>G+C</p><p></p>
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22

Central dogma is..

Theory of how information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins

DNA —→ RNA —> Protein

<p>Theory of how information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins</p><p>DNA —→ RNA —&gt; Protein </p>
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23

what are the three divisons of genetics

  • Transmission : how genes are passed down

  • molecular : studies function and structure of genes

  • population : how groups of the same species makeup change over time

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24

characteristics of a model organism

  • ability to be reared in a lab environment

    • short generation time

    • cheap

  • production of multiple progney

  • ability to carry out controlled genetic crosses

  • having previous knowledge about their genetic systems

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25

Similarities of Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes

  • contain DNA

  • have plasma membrane

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26

What cell is

  • circular

  • small

  • no ordered arrangement

  • no nucleus

prokaryotes

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27

What cell is

  • linear

  • larger

  • wrapped around histones

  • genetic material around nuclear envelope

  • has nucleus

Eukaryotes

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28

What are homologous pairs

two sets of chromosomes

  • humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes

<p>two sets of chromosomes </p><ul><li><p>humans have <strong><u>23</u></strong> pairs of chromosomes </p></li></ul><p></p>
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29

describe the structure of a chromosome

  • Centromere: point of attachment 

  • Telomere : tips of linear chromosomes

  • Sister chromatids: identical copy of chromosome

<ul><li><p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">Centromere: point of attachment&nbsp;</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">Telomere : tips of linear chromosomes</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif">Sister chromatids: identical copy of chromosome </span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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30

What would be the result if a chromosome did not have a kinetochore?

  • Spindle microtubules would not attach to the chromosome.

  • Some daughter cells would be missing a chromosome, others would have double

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31

describe interphase

stage in the cell cycle where a cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares cell division

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32

what are the phases in Interphase

  • G1: grows cell

  • “Synthesis” S: DNA replication

    • sister chromatids

  • G2: more growth and prep for cell division

  • M phase: meiosis/mitosis

    • separation of cytoplasm

<ul><li><p>G1: grows cell </p></li><li><p>“Synthesis” S: DNA replication </p><ul><li><p>sister chromatids </p></li></ul></li><li><p>G2: more growth and prep for cell division </p></li><li><p>M phase: meiosis/mitosis </p><ul><li><p>separation of cytoplasm </p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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33

what is mitosis

separation of sister chromatids

<p>separation of sister chromatids </p>
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34

What is phase 1 of mitosis

Interphase: centromeres form to pull DNA

<p>Interphase: centromeres form to pull DNA </p>
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35

What is phase 2 of mitosis

Prophase: condenses chromosomes

<p>Prophase: condenses chromosomes </p>
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36

What is phase 3 of mitosis

Prometaphase: breaks down nuclear envelope

<p>Prometaphase: breaks down nuclear envelope </p>
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37

What is phase 4 of mitosis

metaphase: lines up in middle

<p>metaphase: lines up in middle </p>
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38

Phase 5 of mitosis

Anaphase: separates sister chromosomes

<p>Anaphase: separates sister chromosomes </p>
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39

What is phase 6 of mitosis

Telophase: creates cleave to separate cells

  • begins cytokinesis

<p>Telophase: creates cleave to separate cells</p><ul><li><p>begins cytokinesis </p></li></ul><p></p>
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40

during meiosis I what happens

homologous chromosome pairs seperate

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41

During Meiosis II

Sister chromosomes separate

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42

Define male gamete production

Spermatogenesis

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43

What is oogenesis

female gamete production

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44

Reasons for Mendel’s Sucessn

  1. had a good experimental model

  2. took an experimental approach and analyzed results mathematically

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45

What is a gene

inherited factor that determines a trait

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46

Define allele

different variates if genes

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47

Where do you locate an allele

locus

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48

describe a set of alleles

genotype

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49

heterozygous

2 different alleles at a locus

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50

homozygous

2 of the same alleles at a locus

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51

monohybrid crossed

a genetic cross where two parents differ in a single trait

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52

Dominant is …

a version of a gene that is expressed, even with one copy

  • AA Aa

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53

Recessive is…

2 copies from each parent to express trait

  • aa Aa

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54

What is the principle of segregation

a living organism has 2 versions of each gene. when gametes are produced the 2 versions separate and each cell gets one version of the gene

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55

What is the addition rule

the “or” rule

  • it can be this “OR” this

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56

What is the multiplication rule

the “and” rule

  • it can be this “and” this

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57

dihybrid crosses

examines 2 traits at a time

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58

describe independent assortment

the way one gene is inherited from parent doesn’t affect how another gene is inherited

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59

What is the Chi-square goodness of fit test

indicates the probability between observed (O) and expected (E) values are due to chance

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60

What is the formula and steps for the Chi-square goodness of fit test

  1. calculate chi-square

  2. find chi-square value on table

  3. interpret p-values

x²= (E+O)²/E

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61

sexual determination

Sexual reproducing organisms have cells that go between haploid and diploid

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62

explain what chromosomal is

X and Y chromosomes pair during meiosis, although they are not homologous

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63

what do you call chromosomes that don’t determine sex

autosome

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64

what is essential for chromosome paring in meiosis for men?

pseudoautosomal essential for XY chromosomes

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65

explain genic

no distinct chromosomes determined by genes on undifferentiated chromosomes (plants, fungi, fish, protozoans

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66

can sex be determined by environmental factors

yes

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67

XX

females

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68

XY

males

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69

What organisms can you find XX&XY?

Insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, humans

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70

XO

Male

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71

XX-XO chromosomes can be found in…

insects

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72

ZW

Females

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73

ZZ

Males

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74

ZZ & ZW chromosomes

  • Butterflies, birds some reptiles and amphibians 

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75

Pseudoautosomal regions

short regions on the X and Y chromosomes that recombine during meiosis

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76

What is SRY gene

sex-determining region Y gene

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77

what is the role of SRY gene

produces a cascade of other gene products, and is the primary on-switch for male sex trait determination

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78

what causes abnormal chromosome numbers

Non-disjunction of homologous chromosomes/ sister chromatids fail to separate correctly

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79

what is the job of a Punnett Square

to determine the probability of progeny

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80

What is a Barr body

dark spots in cells that are caused by a inactivation of the X-chromosome from having too many X’s

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81

What are the types of dominance

  1. Complete

  2. Incomplete

  3. Codominance

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82

What is complete dominance

heterozygous phenotype is similar to one homozygous phenotype

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83

what is incomplete dominance

homozygous and heterozygous mix to create a new phenotype

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84

describe codominance

heterozygous phenotype includes phenotype of both homozygous

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85

describe expressivity

the intensity in which a trait is being expressed

  • everyone has a genotype that is expressed differently

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86

What is penetrance

percentage of individuals is having a specific genotype that is expressed the expected phenotype

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87

what are lethal alleles

alleles that cause death in early development

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88

what is the ratio of lethal alleles

2/3 to 1/3

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89

describe multiple alleles in a population

for one locus, more than two alleles are present within a group

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90

What is gene interaction

effects of alleles at one locus influence alleles at another loci

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91

Ratio of gene interaction

9:3:3:1

only one trait in gene interaction phenotype

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92

What is epigenetic modification

inheritable changes in gene expression that doesn’t alter DNA

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93

describe imprinting

process that controls gene expression based on whether if the gene is inherited from mom or dad

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94

what is sex-influence

autosomal genes are expressed differently in male and female

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95

what is sex-limited

autosomal gene expression is limited to one sex

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96

describe Sex-linked

genes located at the sex chromosomes

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97

What is the maternal effect

genotype of mother determines phenotype of offspring

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98

what is cytoplasmic inheritance

genes typically inherited from one parent, usually mother, and result in extensive phenotypic variation in one family

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99
<p>what is a pedigree </p>

what is a pedigree

pictorial representation of a family history, outline inheritance of characteristics

<p>pictorial representation of a family history, outline inheritance of characteristics </p>
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100

5 types of pedigrees

  1. Autosomal recessive

  2. Autosomal dominant

  3. X-linked recessive

  4. X-linked dominant

  5. Y-linked traits

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