Hein de Haas chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 14, 15

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 1: What dual roles does migration play for migrants and their families?

Migration raises high hopes and deep fears: it promises better opportunities, income, and development but also risks expulsion, job failure, and death. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 1: How do origin societies perceive migration?

Origin societies fear brain drain but hope for remittances and knowledge that foster development. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 1: What are the economic impacts of migration on destination societies?

Migration boosts economic growth, innovation, and labor supply but distributes benefits unevenly, favoring high-income groups while lower-income groups face wage competition. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 1: What political trends have intensified anti-immigration sentiments in Europe?

The rise of right-wing populist parties (e.g., Front National, Lega Nord) and fears of mass migration after the 2015 refugee crisis have shifted mainstream politics toward stricter migration policies. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 1: What arguments are used to link migration to security concerns?

Migration is associated with extremist violence (e.g., 9/11), but xenophobic narratives exaggerate these risks by portraying migrants as criminals or terrorists. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 1: How does the book refute the idea of rapidly increasing global migration?

Migration has remained stable at around 3% of the world population since 1960, despite population growth and improved transportation. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 1: What regions currently host the largest refugee populations?

Developing countries like Turkey, Pakistan, Lebanon, Iran, and Ethiopia host the majority of global refugees. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 1: What percentage of global refugees live in Western countries?

Only a small share, as 85% of refugees reside in developing countries. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 1: What is internal migration, and how does it compare to international migration?

Internal migration, such as rural-to-urban movement, far exceeds international migration, with China alone having 250 million internal migrants. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 1: What are the six major trends of global migration identified in the book?

Globalization of migration, changing migration flows, new migration destinations, migration transitions, feminization of labor migration, and politicization/securitization of migration. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 1: How has migration contributed to the diversity of destination societies?

Migrants from increasingly diverse ethnic, cultural, and religious backgrounds concentrate in prime destination countries, creating unprecedented levels of diversity. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 1: What is meant by the "feminization of migration"?

Women increasingly participate in labor migration, particularly in domestic and care work, becoming a visible part of migration trends. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 1: What challenges do governments face in regulating migration?

Governments struggle to balance national sovereignty, labor market demands, and humanitarian obligations, often resulting in ineffective or counterproductive migration policies. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 1: Why do migration restrictions sometimes backfire?

Restrictions can interrupt circular migration, encourage permanent settlement, and increase undocumented migration. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 1: What role do international institutions play in migration governance?

Institutions like the UNHCR and IOM exist, but there is no global authority to effectively govern migration due to states’ reluctance to cede sovereignty. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 1: What percentage of migrants are refugees, and how has this changed?

Refugees represent about 10% of global migrants, with levels fluctuating based on conflicts like the Syrian war. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 1: Why is migration described as both a cause and a product of global change?

Migration reflects global processes of integration, labor market demands, and economic inequalities while also driving cultural and social transformation. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 1: What are some examples of new migration destinations?

The Gulf region (e.g., Saudi Arabia), East Asia (e.g., Japan, South Korea), and Southeast Asia (e.g., Malaysia, Thailand). ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 1: Why is migration considered inevitable in a globalized world?

Migration arises from labor market demands, inequalities, improved mobility, and global integration, making it an intrinsic part of globalization. ].

Give a summary of the introduction of hein de haas

Summary of The Age of Migration: Introduction by Hein de Haas et al. (2019) Key Stances and Arguments Migration's Duality Migration embodies "high hopes and deep fears": it promises better opportunities for migrants but comes with risks such as job failure, expulsion, or even death.

For origin societies, migration can result in brain drain but also development through remittances. For destination societies, migration stimulates economic growth but can spark fears of cultural loss, racism, and political tension. Political Salience Migration is an emotive issue, with debates intensified in times of economic downturn and cultural clashes.

In the US, Trump’s 2016 campaign stoked fears of migrants "bringing drugs, crime, and terrorism", notably targeting Mexicans and Muslims. In Europe, the 2015 refugee crisis (1 million+ arrivals) fueled right-wing populism and anti-immigrant sentiments, influencing Brexit and policies on intra-EU mobility. Economic and Social Realities Migration generally benefits economies, boosting growth and innovation, yet the benefits are unevenly distributed:

High-income groups profit most, while lower-income groups face wage pressures and cultural shifts. Migration is often falsely blamed for economic problems that stem from globalization and deregulation. Security and Identity Concerns Migration is increasingly linked to security threats:

Genuine worries arise from extremist violence (e.g., 9/11 or attacks in Europe), but migration is often scapegoated for political gain. Politicians stoke xenophobia by portraying migrants as “criminals, terrorists, and foreign hordes.” Global and Regional Patterns Migration trends are globalized:

Migration to the Gulf States (e.g., Saudi Arabia) highlights economic dependence on migrant labor under exploitative conditions. Countries like Japan and Korea resist immigration due to fears of cultural loss. In Africa, restrictive regimes coexist with xenophobic violence in nations like South Africa and Libya. Key Realities

Migration is driven not just by poverty but by aspirations for better opportunities and preferred lifestyles. 3% of the world’s population are international migrants, a figure that has remained stable since 1960, challenging “mass exodus” narratives. Most migration is internal (e.g., rural-to-urban) rather than international. Counterarguments and Challenges “Migrants Take Jobs” Myth There is little evidence to support the belief that migrants take jobs or harm public services. Instead, migration generally benefits labor markets and economies.

Migration as a Security Threat

While some migrants are involved in violence, this reflects only small fractions of populations. Overemphasis on terrorism risks fosters xenophobia and perpetuates cycles of violence between far-right groups and radical factions. Refugee Crisis Narratives

Despite fears of a "refugee crisis", refugees represent only 10% of global migrants and primarily reside in developing countries (e.g., Turkey, Lebanon). Western countries host comparatively low numbers. Statistics and Perspectives Global Migration Trends

International migrants: 258 million in 2017 (3% of global population). Migration peaked historically during the 19th century (e.g., 12% of Europeans migrated between 1846-1924). Internal migrants vastly outnumber international migrants, especially in countries like China (250 million internal migrants). Regional Highlights

Top destination countries: US (44.5 million immigrants), Saudi Arabia, Germany, Russia. Top origin countries: India, Mexico, Russia, China, Syria. Economic Contributions Migrants contribute to economies as laborers, innovators, and entrepreneurs, despite their disproportionate presence in low-skilled, informal sectors.

give a summary of 'categories of migration' by Hein de Haas

Summary of Key Stances, Arguments, and Counterarguments in Chapter 2: Categories of Migration Key Stances and Concepts Role of Categories in Understanding Migration: Categories are essential for making sense of complex migration processes but can also distort understanding when applied uncritically.

“Language matters. After all, categories and terms shape the way we perceive the world around us.” Types of Categories:

Analytical Categories: Used by researchers for understanding migration patterns. Administrative Categories: Used by states for legal and policy purposes (e.g., visas, residency). Discursive Categories: Politically and socially constructed terms used by media and politicians. Migration as a Political Construct:

The concept of migration itself reflects state-defined borders and administrative needs (e.g., taxation, residency rights). Migrants' legal status directly affects their rights, opportunities, and integration into societies. Key Arguments Impact of Language and Categories: Terms like ‘illegal aliens’, ‘refugees’, or ‘guestworkers’ carry implicit biases regarding nationality, class, and race.

“Higher-skilled workers often resist the migrant label and are termed ‘expats,’ while lower-skilled workers are ‘migrants.’” Politicians often label refugees as ‘illegal migrants’ or ‘potential terrorists,’ shaping public perceptions. Blurred Dichotomies: Rigid distinctions such as internal vs. international migration, temporary vs. permanent, or forced vs. voluntary often fail to reflect lived realities.

“The distinction between internal and international migration is blurred in ethnically diverse countries like China or Nigeria.” Migration as a Process: Migrants’ intentions often change, and the classification of migration as ‘temporary’ or ‘permanent’ does not align with real outcomes.

“Migration needs to be conceptualized as a process rather than a one-off move.” Climate Refugee Myth: Climate change will not trigger mass migration due to five factors:

Migration is multi-causal, not directly attributable to climate. People adapt locally (e.g., flood defenses, livelihood changes). Displacements are mostly short-distance and temporary. The poorest often lack the resources to migrate. Environmental vulnerability is linked to political and economic instability. “The spectre of mass migration due to climate change is an example of ‘being right for the wrong reason.’” Illegal vs. Irregular Migration:

Migrants are not “illegal” as acts can be illegal, but people cannot. Governments often tolerate irregular migrants who contribute economically. Terms like “undocumented” or “irregular” are more neutral alternatives. Statistics and Perspectives Migration Measurement:

Most states classify migrants based on 3–12 months of residency in a new administrative unit. International migrants = “any person who changes his or her country of usual residence” (UN definition). Forced Migration:

Refugees = Those fleeing persecution under the UN 1951 Convention. Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) = Displaced within national borders due to conflict, disasters, or development projects. “Development-induced displacement displaces 10–15 million annually, primarily affecting vulnerable groups.” Smuggling vs. Trafficking:

Smuggling: Voluntary, often a business transaction. Trafficking: Coercion and exploitation, often during transit. “The vast majority of illegal border crossings involve smuggling, not trafficking.” Counterarguments and Critiques Misuse of Categories: Terms like ‘climate refugees’ or ‘illegal migrants’ oversimplify realities, are often politically driven, and ignore underlying socio-economic and political causes.

“Politicians depoliticize social issues by blaming exogenous factors, such as ‘climate change.’” State-Centric Bias: The terms ‘sending’ and ‘receiving’ states overlook migrants’ agency and create a binary ‘Global North vs. Global South’ perception.

Terminology’s Real Impact:

“Terms like ‘home’ and ‘host’ can deny migrants’ right to belong and perpetuate exclusion.” Essentialist ideas assume unchangeable links between people, culture, and territory. Climate Change and Migration:

Alarmist narratives ignore evidence that most environmental displacement is local and temporary.

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 2: Why are categories important in understanding migration?

Categories help identify patterns and compare, but uncritical use can distort understanding and perpetuate biases.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 2: What are the three main types of migration categories?

Analytical (used by researchers), administrative (used by states), and discursive (used by media and politicians).]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 2: Why are political and legal categories often problematic in migration analysis?

They may reflect state interests and fail to capture migrants' lived experiences and perceptions.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 2: What does migration fundamentally involve?

A change of residence across administrative borders.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 2: Why is distinguishing between internal and international migration sometimes unclear?

Migration within diverse countries (e.g., India, China) may involve greater cultural change than crossing international borders.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 2: How can migration categories convey implicit judgments?

They can reflect biases related to nationality, race, profession, class, and 'desirability' of migrants.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 2: What is the impact of migration terminology like 'guestworkers' or 'expats'?

It frames perceptions of migrants, with lower-skilled workers seen as migrants and higher-skilled as 'expats'.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 2: Why are terms like 'refugees' or 'illegal migrants' politically charged?

They influence public perceptions, policies, and migrants’ treatment.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 2: What is the difference between non-migratory and migratory mobility?

Non-migratory mobility does not involve a change of residence, while migratory mobility involves crossing administrative borders.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 2: What are examples of non-migratory mobility?

Commuting, tourism, family visits, business travel, or moving within administrative units.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 2: How has globalization affected non-migratory mobility?

Globalization has increased commuting, tourism, and business travel.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 2: Why is 'origin-destination' terminology preferred over 'home-host' or 'sending-receiving'?

It avoids essentialism, state bias, and moralistic overtones, while still providing analytical clarity.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 2: What are the limitations of migration categories like 'temporary' and 'permanent'?

Migrants' plans change over time, and state-defined labels often contradict migration realities.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 2: How do governments view temporary migration?

It is often framed to allay public concerns, even though temporary stays can turn permanent.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 2: What is the difference between refugees and asylum seekers?

Refugees have been granted status due to persecution, while asylum seekers await recognition.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 2: Why is the term 'illegal migration' controversial?

It wrongly applies illegality to people, not actions, and ignores ambiguous or semi-legal migrant statuses.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 2: What is the difference between smuggling and trafficking?

Smuggling is consensual, aiding border crossing, while trafficking involves coercion and exploitation.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 2: How does climate change discourse often distort migration analysis?

It oversimplifies causes, ignores adaptation strategies, and exaggerates claims of mass migration.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 2: Why should migration categories always be used critically?

Categories can reflect biases, oversimplify realities, and serve political or ideological narratives.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: What does migration often involve beyond simple individual action?

Migration is often a long-term process that affects the migrant's entire life, subsequent generations, and sometimes includes arrangements for burial in the home country. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: What is the paradox of economic and human development in poor societies?

Economic and human development tends to increase migration initially by expanding access to education, information, and financial resources, leading to higher aspirations and capabilities to migrate. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: Why has international migration remained stable despite economic development?

Migration trends are complex, and global migration as a share of the population has remained around 3%, defying simplistic assumptions. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: What distinction is made regarding migration theories in the chapter?

Theories are divided into causes of migration (macro- and micro-level) and meso-level theories on migration continuation, such as networks. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: What are macro- and micro-structures in migration processes?

Macro-structures include large-scale institutional factors like labor markets and state policies, while micro-structures involve individual migrant practices, family ties, and beliefs. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: What role do meso-level structures play in migration processes?

Meso-level structures like migrant networks and migration industries link macro- and micro-structures, facilitating migration and sustaining migration corridors. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: What are the two main paradigms of migration theories?

Functionalist theories, which see migration as optimizing labor distribution, and historical-structural theories, which view migration as exploitative and reinforcing inequalities. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: What is the push–pull model, and why is it criticized?

The push–pull model identifies factors pushing migrants out of origin areas and pulling them to destinations but is criticized for being overly simplistic and deterministic. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: What does neoclassical migration theory emphasize?

Neoclassical theory sees migration as driven by wage differentials and labor demand, viewing migrants as rational actors maximizing income through cost-benefit calculations. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: How does the new economics of labor migration (NELM) differ from neoclassical theory?

NELM sees migration as a family or household strategy to minimize risks, diversify income, and overcome market failures rather than purely maximizing individual income. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: What is dual labor market theory?

Dual labor market theory argues that migration is driven by structural demand for low-skilled labor in advanced economies, particularly in secondary, precarious jobs. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: How do historical–structural theories view migration?

Historical–structural theories see migration as a form of exploitation, driven by capitalism and global inequalities, which benefit wealthy economies at the expense of poorer regions. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: What is world systems theory?

World systems theory explains migration as resulting from the integration of peripheral regions into a capitalist world economy controlled by core states, leading to poverty and displacement. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: What role do migration networks play in sustaining migration?

Migration networks reduce migration costs and risks through social ties, creating feedback mechanisms that perpetuate migration over time. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: What is cumulative causation in migration?

Cumulative causation refers to how migration induces changes in social and economic structures, such as remittances and social remittances, making further migration likely. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: What is migration systems theory?

Migration systems theory examines how migration is linked to other exchanges, such as trade and ideas, between origin and destination areas, forming stable migration patterns. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: What is the migration hump?

The migration hump describes short- to medium-term hikes in emigration following economic reforms or shocks, before potential long-term benefits take effect. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: What is the migration transition?

Migration transition theory explains how development initially increases migration but eventually leads to emigration decline and transformation into net immigration countries. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: What does the aspirations-capabilities model propose?

Migration is a function of both aspirations and capabilities to migrate

development initially increases both, leading to higher migration. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: How can migration networks weaken or disintegrate?

Networks can weaken due to resource constraints, competing claims on migrants, exclusion of outsiders, and perceptions of new migrants as competition. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: How do migration intermediaries affect migration processes?

Intermediaries, such as recruiters, smugglers, and brokers, facilitate migration but can exploit migrants, creating a complex migration industry. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: What is the difference between migration transitions and migration humps?

Migration transitions describe long-term changes with development, while migration humps explain short-term emigration spikes due to economic shocks. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 3: How do historical–structural theories critique neoclassical approaches?

Historical–structural theories argue that neoclassical approaches neglect structural constraints, such as inequalities, which limit migrant choices. ]

hein de haas chapter 4 - summary of chapter

1. General Overview of Migration Key stance: Migration is not a simple individual action but a long-term, dynamic process shaped by social, economic, and political changes. Migration often affects generations, transcends death (e.g., burial in native soil), and leads to modifications in migrants' original plans. Migration cannot be reduced to a reaction to poverty or geographical inequality alone. “Migration is often a collective action, arising out of social, economic and political change and affecting entire communities and societies in both origin and destination areas.”

2. Two Main Paradigms Functionalist Theories Migration optimizes labor distribution and promotes equilibrium. It treats migration as a positive mechanism that benefits individuals and societies (e.g., wage equalization, productivity growth). Push–Pull Models:

Identify "push" (poverty, political repression) and "pull" (labor demand, opportunities) factors. Critique: Too simplistic, deterministic, and descriptive

fails to explain non-linear migration outcomes. “The push–pull theory is but a platitude at best.” (Skeldon 1990: 125–126)

Neoclassical Theory:

Migrants act as rational agents, making cost-benefit calculations to maximize income. Critique: Assumes “perfect knowledge,” access to markets, and ignores constraints on agency (e.g., poverty, lack of credit). Human Capital Theory:

Migration is an investment to increase productivity of skills. Young, skilled workers migrate most. Critique: Overemphasizes individual rationality, neglects broader structural forces. Historical–Structural Theories Rooted in Marxist and dependency theory, migration is seen as an exploitation mechanism. Migration perpetuates global inequalities and provides a cheap labor reserve for capitalist economies. “Migration increases geographical and class-based income gaps, exploiting the resources of poor countries and poor people to make the rich even richer.”

World Systems Theory: Migration results from peripheral regions being incorporated into the capitalist world economy, leading to rural poverty and displacement.

Critique of Historical–Structural Views:

Oversimplifies migrants as passive victims. Ignores migrants’ agency, aspirations, and benefits they gain from migration. “It would be just as unrealistic to depict all migrants as passive victims of capitalism as it would be to depict them as entirely rational and free actors.”

3. Theories Bridging Agency and Structure Dual Labour Market Theory Advanced economies have chronic demand for migrant labor, particularly for undesirable “3D” (dirty, difficult, dangerous) jobs. Natives avoid low-status jobs

Theories

migrants fill these roles due to relative progress in their home-country reference. “Politicians’ xenophobic discourses... legitimize exploitation of migrants on labour markets.”

New Economics of Labour Migration (NELM) Migration is a household strategy for risk diversification and improving livelihood security. Migration addresses imperfect markets (credit, insurance) in developing countries. Key argument: Relative deprivation (not absolute poverty) motivates migration. Critique: Overlooks intra-household inequalities, such as gender power struggles. 4. Migration Transition Theories Migration is part of broader development and social transformation processes. Zelinsky’s Mobility Transition: Migration increases during early industrialization but decreases as societies become wealthier. Empirical support: Middle-income countries have the highest emigration rates. “Development in low-income countries boosts migration because improvements in income, infrastructure and education typically increase people’s capabilities and aspirations to migrate.”

Migration Hump: Economic shocks (e.g., NAFTA) initially increase migration before long-term stabilization. Critique: Transitions are not automatic or irreversible. Development can stall due to structural inequalities. 5. Aspirations-Capabilities Model Migration depends on two factors: Aspirations to migrate. Capabilities (resources, freedoms) to migrate. Development can increase both, creating paradoxical emigration booms in improving economies. “As long as aspirations rise faster than local opportunities, this will result in increasing migration.”

6. Internal Dynamics: Migration Networks & Systems Migrant Networks: Social ties reduce costs, risks, and barriers to migration.

Migration Systems Theory: Migration flows are linked to trade, ideas, and historical ties, forming stable corridors.

Cumulative Causation: Migration induces social and economic changes (e.g., remittances, cultural norms) that sustain further migration.

Critiques of Network Theories:

Overemphasize perpetuation of migration

Theories

fail to explain network breakdowns (e.g., exclusion, resource constraints). Settled migrants may become “gatekeepers” rather than “bridgeheads” for new migrants. 7. Conclusion: Integrated Perspectives Migration must be understood as a dynamic, patterned process, not a problem to be solved. Neither functionalist nor historical–structural theories alone suffice: migration involves a mix of structural constraints and individual agency. Policies based on simplistic views (e.g., reducing poverty to stop migration) are flawed because migration is multi-causal. “Instead of reducing migration to more or less passive responses to poverty and geographical inequalities… industrial–capitalist development tends to boost migration by increasing people’s capabilities and aspirations to move.”

Key Statistics and Takeaways 97% of the world’s population does not migrate internationally but is still affected by migration. 3% of the world population are international migrants (stable share over decades). Migration occurs most from middle-income countries, not the poorest. Migration systems follow historical ties, cultural connections, and structural changes, creating predictable migration patterns.

Zintegrated theories

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: What is circular migration?

Circular migration refers to the pattern where migrants return home after working abroad, but may later re-emigrate, prolonging their stay or settling permanently over time.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: What often transforms temporary labor migration into family reunion or undocumented migration?

The internal dynamics of migration processes, such as life cycle changes (e.g., marriage, children) and network effects, often transform temporary migration into permanent settlement.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: Why do push-pull or neoclassical models fail to explain migration outcomes?

These models oversimplify migration as a response to economic factors, ignoring the social dynamics that make migration self-sustaining even when economic factors change.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: What example demonstrates the failure of policies to stop settlement in democratic states?

The ‘guestworker’-type migration in Western Europe (1945–1973), where temporary labor migration led to long-term settlement and family reunion.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: How do characteristics of refugees and asylum seekers differ in migration dynamics?

Refugees primarily leave due to persecution or violence, while onward migration depends on access to financial resources, networks, and opportunities.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: How do ethnic minorities form according to Hein de Haas?

Ethnic minorities are formed through a combination of ‘other-definition’ (exclusion by dominant groups) and ‘self-definition’ (group consciousness based on shared identity and culture).]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: What defines an ethnic minority group?

Ethnic minorities are groups assigned a subordinate position in society based on socially constructed markers such as phenotype, origins, or culture.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: How do primordialist theories explain ethnicity?

Primordialist theories, such as those by Geertz, see ethnicity as an instinctual, pre-social attachment tied to common origins, language, and customs.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: What is situational ethnicity?

Situational ethnicity explains that ethnic boundaries and markers (e.g., language, religion) are invoked selectively based on the social and political context.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: How does the instrumental approach view ethnicity?

The instrumental approach sees ethnicity as a strategic tool used to mobilize resources, strengthen group solidarity, or claim advantages in markets and politics.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: What is institutional or structural racism?

Institutional racism refers to laws, policies, and systems that legitimize discrimination against certain groups through structural power dynamics.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: How does everyday racism differ from institutional racism?

Everyday racism consists of informal, often unconscious attitudes and discriminatory behaviors embedded in cultural norms and practices.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: What is the concept of gendered racism?

Gendered racism refers to the intersection of racial and gender discrimination, as experienced particularly by migrant women who face stereotypes around race and gender roles.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: How does transnationalism challenge traditional integration models?

Transnationalism shows that migrants maintain simultaneous ties with origin and destination countries, challenging assimilationist models of integration.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: What distinguishes transnationalism from above and transnationalism from below?

Transnationalism from above refers to activities led by powerful actors (e.g., multinational corporations), while transnationalism from below involves grassroots initiatives by migrants and their home-country counterparts.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: How does Hein de Haas define diasporas?

Diasporas are communities characterized by dispersal from a homeland, a collective memory, ethnic group consciousness, and solidarity with co-ethnic members.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: Why is nationalism often linked to exclusion in nation-states?

Nationalism ties cultural belonging to political identity, creating pressure to assimilate minorities and exclude groups not perceived as part of the dominant national identity.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: What are the four models of citizenship according to Hein de Haas?

1. The imperial model: definition of belonging to the nation in terms of being a subject of the same power or ruler. This notion pre-dates the French and American revolutions. It allowed the integration of the various peoples of multi-ethnic empires (the British, the Austro-Hungarian, the Ottoman, the Russian, etc.). This model remained formally in operation in the UK until the Nationality Act of 1981. It also had some validity for the former Soviet Union. The concept almost always has an ideological character, as it helps to veil the actual dominance of a particular ethnic group or nationality over the other subject peoples.
2. The folk or ethnic model: definition of belonging to the nation in terms of ethnicity (common descent, language and culture), which means the exclusion of minorities from citizenship and from the nation. Germany came close to this model until the introduction of new citizenship rules in 2000; Japan and Turkey are other examples. Many African, Arab and East-Asian countries also belong to this model.
3. The republican model: definition of the nation as a political community, based on a constitution, laws and citizenship, with the possibility of admitting newcomers to the community, providing they adhere to the political rules and are willing to adopt the national culture. This assimilationist approach dates back to the French and American revolutions. France and the United States are the most obvious current examples, while the Roman Empire provides an ancient example.
4. The multicultural model: the nation is also defined as a political community, based on a constitution, laws and citizenship that can admit newcomers. However, in this model they may maintain their distinctive cultures and form ethnic communities, providing they conform to national laws. This pluralist or multicultural approach became dominant in the 1970s and 1980s in Sweden, the Netherlands, Australia and Canada, and was also influential elsewhere, although there has been a backlash against multiculturalism since the 1990s. All these ideal types have one factor in common: they are premised on citizens who belong to just one nation state. Migrant settlement is seen as a process of transferring primary loyalty from the state of origin to the new state of residence

2. Folk/ethnic model

3. Republican model

4. Multicultural model.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: What does quasi-citizenship refer to?

Quasi-citizenship describes the status of long-term residents with rights similar to citizens (e.g., work, social security) but without full citizenship.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: What role does gender play in migration policies?

Migration policies often treat men as principal migrants and women as dependents, leading to gender-specific discrimination, such as unequal residency rights for women.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: Why is intersectionality important in understanding migrant experiences?

Intersectionality highlights how race, gender, class, and other social divisions interact, often compounding discrimination and exclusion.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: What examples show how national identities evolve with migration?

Examples include Catholic immigrants in the US (e.g., Irish, Italians) who were once excluded but later integrated, illustrating how outsiders can become part of the nation.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 4: Why is dual citizenship significant in contemporary migration?

Dual citizenship reflects the transnational ties of migrants and challenges the nationalist ideal of exclusive cultural and political belonging to a single state.]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 10: What is migration often viewed as by states and politicians?

An implicit threat to state sovereignty and elite privileges. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 10: What historical fears did early industrializing societies have regarding internal migration?

Fears of large-scale rural-to-urban migration causing crowding, poverty, crime, disease, and cultural change in urban areas. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 10: What is an example of a system used to control internal migration in developing countries?

The Chinese hukou system. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 10: Why are nomadic or itinerant peoples viewed as threatening by modern states?

They are difficult to control and tax, and their lifestyles challenge bourgeois norms about the ‘good life.’ ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 10: What extreme example of forced rural resettlement occurred under the Khmer Rouge regime?

The evacuation of cities in Cambodia between 1975 and 1978 to re-establish traditional agriculture. ]

Hein de Haas Age of Migration chapter 10: Why do efforts to curb rural-to-urban migration often fail?

Because urbanization is an intrinsic and inevitable part of industrialization and modernization. ]