Human Genetics Test 3

Codon

Encode the information for a specific amino acid in a protein 

Transcription

Transfer of genetic information from the base sequence of RNA mediated by RNA synthesis

Translation

Conversion of information encoded in the nucleotide sequence of mRNA molecule into the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein

messenger RNA

Single stranded complimentary copy of the nucleotide sequence in a gene

Ribosomal RNA

RNA molecules that form part of the ribosome

Transfer RNA

A small RNA molecule that has a binding site for specific types of amino acid

Ribosome

Cytoplasmic particles composed of two sub-units that are the site of protein synthesis

Promoter

Regulatory region located at the beginning of the gene

R group

Side chains attached to amino acids

Peptide Bond

A covalent bond between carboxyl groups and amino groups

Amino Acid

The units used to make proteins

Polypeptide

Groups of amino acids connected by peptide bonds

Anticodon

Group of three nucleotide in a tRNA molecule that pairs with a complementary sequence in a mRNA molecule

Prion

A protein folded into an infectious conformation that is the cause of several disorders

What is the central dogma of molecular biology

DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes protein

what is the outcome of translation

The synthesis of proteins from RNA

What are the levels of protein structure

Primary Structure, Secondary Structure, Tertiary Structure, Quaternary Structure

How does Chromatin remodeling affect the expression of genes

activates or inactivates gene expression

How does DNA methylation affect the expression of genes

silences gene expression

How does RNA interference affect the expression of genes

Affects gene regulation after transcription

Protein

A polymer made up of amino acids

Enzyme

Substance that regulates the rate of chemical reactions

Substrate

Specific compound acted on by an enzyme

Product

end result of an enzymatic action

Metabolism

the sum of all biochemical reactions by which cells convert and utilize energy

Phenylketonuria

Autosomal recessive disorder of phenylalanine metabolism, results in mental retardation if untreated

Galactosemia

A heritable trait associated with the inability to metabolize the sugar galactose

Somatic mutation

A mutation that occurs in cells of the body that do not form gametes

Germ-line mutation

A mutation that occurs in cells that produce gametes

Mutagen

A factor that causes mutations

Nucleotide Substitutions

Mutation involving replacing one or more nucleotide in a DNA molecule with other nucleotides

Frameshift Mutations

A mutation where a number of bases other than multiples of three are added to or removed from DNA causing a shift in the codon reading frame

Allelic Expansion

An increase in gene size caused by an increase in the number of trinucleotide sequences

What factors influence mutation rates

Size of the gene, nucleotide sequence, and spontaneous chemical changes

What environmental factors can cause mutations

Exposure to radiation, Chemicals in the environment

What are the three types of nucleotide substitutions

Missense Mutations, Sense Mutations, Nonsense Mutations

Cloning

the production of genetically identical molecules, cells, and organisms from a single organism

Restriction Enzymes

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sites

Vectors

Self Replicating DNA molecules

Plasmids

A molecule within a cell that replicates independently from chromosomal DNA

PCR

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Gel Electrophoresis

Separates DNA fragments based on size, Fragments migrate through a gel, small fragments move further than large ones

DNA Sequencing

A technique for determining nucleotide sequence

How is cloning through nuclear transfer performed

an enucleated egg is fused with an embryonic or adult nucleus and grown into clones

How does DNA cloning work

Used to find, map, and transfer them between species

What is the goal of PCR

To make numerous copies of a segment of DNA quickly and accurately

Transgenic

The transfer of genes between species

Transgenic Organism

An organism that has received a gene from another species

Embryonic Stem Cells

The inner cell mass of early embryos

Pluripotent

stem cells that have the ability to undergo self renewal and to create all kinds of tissue

Adult Stem Cells

Stem cells removed from bone marrow or other organs

Multipotent

Stem cells that can become a limited amount of cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Adult stem cells reprogrammed by gene transfer that behave similarly to embryonic stem cells but not as versatile

Short Tandem Repeats

DNA sequences that range from 2 to 9 base pairs in length

DNA Profile

Use variations in length of short repetitive DNA sequences to identify individuals accurately

How are genetically modified plants created

Created by adding new DNA to a plant’s genome

How are DNA profiles created

DNA is taken and examined under a microscope