Chapter 21: The New Deal, 1932-1940

How did the economic ramifications of the Columbia River project reflect a transformation in American thought during the New Deal?

It symbolized a redefinition of "liberalism" to mean the intervention of the national government into the economy to provide its citizens with baseline economic security.

Repeal

The campaign to make the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages legal again by rescinding the Eighteenth Amendment.

Emergency Banking Act

Passed in 1933, the First New Deal measure that provided for reopening the banks under Strict conditions and took the United States off the gold standard.

Hundred Days

Extraordinarily productive first three months of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration in which a special session of Congress enacted fifteen of his New Deal proposals.

National Industrial Recovery Act

1933 law passed on the last of the Hundred Days; it created public-works jobs through the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and established a system of self-regulation for industry through the National Recovery Administration, which was later ruled unconstitutional in 1935.

National Recovery Administration

controversial federal agency created in 1933 that brought

. together business and labor leaders to create "codes of fair competition" and" fair larbor" policies, including a national minimum wage.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

1933 New Deal public work relief program that provided outdoor manual work for unemployed men, rebuilding infrastructure and implementing conservation programs. The program cut the unemployment rate, particularly among young men.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

A New Deal agency that contracted with private construction companies to build roads, bridges, schools, hospitals, and other public facilities.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Administrative body created in 19323 to control flooding in the Tennessee River Valley, provide work for the region's unemployed, and produce an expensive electric power for the region.

Which of the following conclusions can reasonably be drawn from this map of PWA projects funded by the New Deal?

1. The PWA assisted with projects designed to deliver public services such as education and health care.

2. The PWA projects were designed to bring both short-term employment and long-term benefits to local communities.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

New Deal legislation passed in 1933 that established the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) to improve agricultural prices by limiting market supplies; declared unconstitutional United States v. Butler (1936).

Dust Bowl

Great Plains counties where millions of tons of topsoil were blown away from parched farmland in the 1930s; massive migration of farm families followed.

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

A government agency created during the New Deal to guarantee mortgages, allowing lenders to offer long-term (usually thirty-year) loans with lowdown payments (usually 10 percent of the asking price ). The FHA seldom underwrote loans in racially mixed or minority neighborhoods.

What issue punctuated the differences between the Democratic and Republican Parties in the election of 1932?

Prohibition.

What was the purpose of the National Recovery Administration?

To work with business leaders to establish codes for industry and eliminate cutthroat competition.

What was the underlying principle behind Roosevelt's housing policy?

Roosevelt believed that home ownership was a fundamental right of all Americans.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

Umbrella organization of semiskilled industrial unions formed in 1935 as the Committee for Industrial Organization and renamed in 1938.

Sit-down Strike

Tactic adopted by labor unions in the mid and late 1930s, whereby striking workers refused to leave factories, making production impossible; proved highly effective in organizing drive of the Congress off Industrial Organizations.

Shave Our Wealth movement

Program offered by Huey Lungas an alternative to the New Deal. The program proposed to confiscate large personal fortunes, which would be used to guarantee every poor family a cash grant of $5,000 and every worker an annual income of $ 2,500. It also promised to provide pensions, reduce working hours, and pay veterans' bonuses and ensured a college education to every qualified student.

Which of the following was not a contributing factor to the success of the labor movement in the 1930s?

The rejection of socialists and communists by the labor movement during the 1920s.

Why were sit-down strikes so effective?

Striking workers remained in the factory so they could not be easily replaced by strikebreakers.

Who was Huey Long?

A politician who used dictatorial power to control politics in Louisiana and win the support of the"common man."

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Part of the Second New Deal, it provided jobs for millions of the unemployed on construction and arts projects.

Wagner Act

Law that established the National Labor Relations Board and facilitated unionization by regulating employment and bargaining practices.

Social Security Act

1935 law that created the social security system with provisions for a retirement pension, unemployment insurance, disability insurance, and public assistance (welfare).

Welfare State

A term that originated in Britain during worldwar 2 to refer to a system of income assistance, health coverage, and social services for all citizens.

How did the Second New Deal differ from the first?

The Second New Deal focused on economic security rather than recovery.

Where in this excerpt does Roosevelt articulate his own definition of liberty and the government's role in protecting that liberty?

1. "... taking action step by step step... a practice of courageous recognition of change."

2. " I am not for a return to that definition of liberty... he has ever known before in the history of America."

Where in this excerpt does Stein back describe how Depression-era migrant workers differ from those in earlier periods?

1. "These were foreigners... for there was a new reservoir from which a great quantity of cheap labor could be obtained."

2." The earlier foreign migrants... who have lived with the family in the old American way."

" Court Packing"

President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Failed 1931 attempt to increase the number of U.S. Supreme Court justices from nine to fifteen in order to save his Second New Deal programs from constitutional challenges.

What explains Roosevelt's landslide reelection in 1936?

Roosevelt pulled together adverse coalition of supporters who benefited from the First New Deal.

What was Roosevelt's "Court-packing" plan?

Roosevelt hoped to increase the number of justices on the Supreme Court to change the balance of power in favor of those who would support New Deal measures.

Indian New Deal

Phrase that refers to the reforms implemented for Native Americans during the New Deal era. John Collier, the commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), increased the access Native Americans had to renef programs and employed more Native Americans at the B1A. He worked to pass the Indian Reorganization Act. However, the version of the act passed by Congress was a much diluted version of Collier's original proposal and did not greatly improve the lives of Native Americans.

Roosevelt believed the New Deal should represent and support all people, but often that vision fell short. Which of the following is not an example of the way different groups experienced the New Deal?

The New Deal did nothing to improve economic conditions on reservations or grant Native Americans the right to govern their own affairs.

How did some policies of the federal government during the New Deal actually further racial discrimination?

Federal housing policy further entrenched segregation in the United States.

Popular Front

A period during the mid-1930s when the communist Party sought to ally itself with socialists and New Dealers in movements for social change, urging reform of the capitalist system rather than revolution.

Scottsboro Case

Case in which nine Black youths were convicted of raping two white women, in overturning the verdicts of this case, the Court established precedents in Powell v. Alabama (1932) that adequate counsel must be appointed in capital cases, and in Norris v Alabama (1935) that African Americans cannot be excluded from juries.

What was the Popular Front's vision off American society?

The Popular Front believed that the country's strength lay in diversity, tolerance, and the rejection of ethnic prejudice and class privilege.

What is largely responsible for moving civil liberties to the forefront of New Deal discussions of freedom?

The methods used by powerful employers to prevent unionization.

What ended the Great Depression?

The united States' entry into World War 2.