Phys. Ed. EC-12 Domain 1. Movement Skills and Knowledge

SKILL 1.1 Demonstrated knowledge of principles and stages of motor development.

The development of motor skills in children is a sequential process. We can classify motor skill competency into stages of development by obesrving children practicing physical skills. The sequence of development begins with simple reflexes and progresses to the learning of postural elements, locomotor skills, and, finally, fine motor skills. The stages of development consider both innate and learned behaviors.

Stages of Motor Learning

1 - Children progress from simple reflexes to basic movements

2 - Children learn more complex motor patterns

3 - Durnig late childhood, children learn more specific movement skills.

4 - During adolescence, children continue to develop general and specific motor skills and master specialized movements.

What is Stage 1 of Motor Learning?

Children progress from simple reflexes to basic movements such as sitting, crawling, creeping, standing, and walking.

What is Stage 2 of Motor Learning?

Children learn more complex motor patterns including running, climbing, jumping, balancing, catching, and throwing.

What is Stage 3 of Motor Learning?

During late childhood, children learn more specific movement skills. In addition, the basic motor patterns learned in Stage 2 become more fluid and automatic.

What is Stage 4 of Motor Learning?

During adolescence, children continue to develop general and specific motor skills and master specialized movements. At this point, factors including practice, motivation, and talent begin to affect the level of further development.

SKILL 1.2 Know motor learning principles, processes, and concepts and use this knolwedge to promote students' acquisition and refinement of motor skills.

In addition to a through knowledge of the motor development process, physical education instructors must understand the principles of learning and information transfer to facilitate student progress. Important concepts include practice, feedback, observational learning, and self-assessment.

Frequent, structured practice of motor skills enhances skill development in children. Without ________ and _______, natural ability and talent dictates the extent of motor skill development.

practice; instruction

_________, or input from the tutor or educator, forms an extremely vital part of any learning process.

Feedback

___________ feedback works as a motivator enabling an athlete to improve and surge ahead with renewed interest.

Positive

__________ feedback helps an athlete recognize and correct his or her mistakes.

Negative

When performers learn a skill, the skill goes inot their _______ memory and receives positive feedback.

short-term

__________ feedback works to encourage the performer and helps in making the performer remember every aspect of the performance.

Positive

__________ feedback helps athletes, whether novice or experienced, become conscious of their mistakes.

Negative

Athletes can use _______ feedback to improve their shortcomings. Without feedback, an athlete is not likely to improve his or her technique and will lose motivation.

negative

information received by the athlete as a direct result of producing a movement trhough the kinesthetic senes

intrinsic feedback

e.g. feeling from muscles, joints, and balance; What type of feedback?

intrinsic

information not inherent in the movement itself but which improves intrinsic feedback

extrinsic feedback

Extrinsic feedback is also known as __________ feedback.

augmented

What are the two main categories of extrinsic feedback?

knowledge of performance and information about the technique and performance

__________ feedback enables the athlete to establish a kinesthetic reference for the correct movement.

Extrinsic

___________ is a powerful tool in motor skill development. Requiring students to assess their own skills and abilities encourages students to reflect upon their current skill level and take control fo the development process.

Self-assessment

What type of learning do many PE instructors believe is the most effective method of learning motor skills?

observational learning

________ observation of proper skill performance by an instructor or peer is generally more effective in promoting skill development than verbal instructions.

Visual

SKILL 1.3 Demonstrate knowledge of principles of components of perceptual-motor development and their relationship to motor performance

__________ development refers to one's ability to receive, interpret, and respond successfully to sensory signals coming from the environment.

Perceptual-motor

Good __________ development leads directly to perceptual skill development.

perceptual

Development of ______ motor skills lead to successful development of fine motor skills, which in turn help with learning, reading, and writing.

gross

Adolescents with _________ coordination problems are at risk for poor school performance, low self-esteem, and inadequate physical activity participation.

perceptual-motor

Children with weak perceptual-motor skills may be easily distracted or have difficulty with tasks requiring ______. They spend much of their energy trying to control their bodies, exhausting them so much that they physically cannot concentrate on a teacher-led lesson.

coordination

_________ and ________ are necessary for children to develop greater coordination and spatial awareness.

Practice; maturity

Physical education lessons should emphasize activities that children enjoy doing, are _________, and require seeing, hearing, and/or touching.

sequential

What are some activities and skills that can be broken down and taught in incremental steps?

running, dribbling, catching or hitting a ball, making a basket in basketball, and setting a volleyball

a person's understanding of his or her own body parts and their capability of movement

body awareness

How can instructors assess body awareness?

by watching students play a game of "Simon Says" and asking the students to touch different body parts; you can also instruct students to make their bodies into various shapes, scuh as, from straight to round to twisted, to fit into different sized spaces

the ability to make decisions about an object's positional changes in space (ie. awareness of three-dimensional space position changes)

spatial awareness

What are the two sequential phases of developing spatial awareness?

1 - identifying the location of objects in relation to one's own body in space, and

2 - locating more than one object in relation to each object and independent of one's own body

Plan activities using different size balls, boxes, or hoops and have children move towards and away; over and under; in front of and behind; and inside, outside, and besides the object. This is the concept of _________ __________ applied to physical education.

spatial awareness

the knowledge of balance, time, and force and how they relate to athletic movements and activities

Effort Awareness

Research shows that _______, _______, and ______ are interrelaetd with movement concepts.

space; direction; speed

A student or player incorporates movement concepts such as ______, __________, ______, and ______ to understand and perform a sport. For instance, a player will determine the appropriate personal space while playing soccer or basketball.

space; direction; speed; vision

For a player, the movement concepts are all _________. The player has to understand how to maintain or change pathways with speed. This means the player has the ability to change motion and perform well in space or the area that the players occupy on the field.

interconnected

SKILL 1.4: Analyze the impact of various factors on motor development and relate developmental changes to motor performance.

What are the 5 varieties of influences that affect a student's physical performance and fitness level?

societal, psychological, economic, familial, and environmental health

We cannot separate students from societies in which they live. The general perceptions around thema bout the importance of fitness activities will necessarily have an effect on their own choice regarding physical activity. We should consider the "playground to PlayStation" phenomenon and the rising levels of obesity among Americans negative ________ influences on motor development and fitness.

societal

____________ influences on motor development and fitness include a student's mental well-being, perceptions of fitness activities, and level of comfort in a fitness-training environment (both alone and within a group).

Psychological

Students experiencing psychological difficulties, such as depression, will tend to be apathetic and lack both the _________ and ________ to participate in fitness activities. As a result, thier motor development and fitness levels will suffer.

energy; inclination

Factors like the student's _______ level and comfort within a group environment, related to both the student's level of popularity within the group and the student's own personal insecurities, are also significant. It is noteworthy, though, that in the case of _________ influences on motor development and fitness levels, there is a more reciprocal relationship than with other influences.

confidence; psychological

The __________ situation of students can affect their motor development and fitness because lack of resources can detract from the ability of parents to provide access to extra-curricular activities that promote development, proper fitness training equipment (ranging from complex exercise machines to team sport uniforms to smoething as simple as a basketball hoop), and even adequate nutrition.

economic

_________ factors that can influence motor development and fitness relate to the student's home climate concering physical activity.

Familial

_______ _______ (i.e., gender, age, ethnicity) has a big influence on growth and development.

Genetic make-up

A highly agreed upon motor development theory is the relationship between one's own ________ and _______ factors.

heredity; environmental

Studies show that physical activity leads to improved _____________ _______ in children.

motor development

___________ ________, which starts with the proper nutrition, deeply affects the other aspects of development in an individual.

Motor development

Simple motor skills such as repeatedly hitting the ground with a shovel or building sand castles help in developing ________ and _______ skills.

thinking; cognitive

_______ _______ helps children to play iwth their peers cooperatively, to develop their motor skills, and to develop a sense of social togetherness.

Social Play

_______ activities greatly influence physical development as well. They help in providing the foundation for a normal and healthy physical education program suitable for all children.

Motor

The manner in which children hop, jump, skip, run, climb, and play greatly facilitates their ______ and _______ developmetn and helps to build other aspects of their personality. Children accomplish this development through their constant interaction with surrounding _________, ________, and persons.

motor; physical; elements; environments

SKILL 1.5 Apply knowledge of techniques for evaluating motor skills, detecting errors in motor performance, and providing positive corrective feedback.

An instructor shuold have the ability to identify performance errors by observing a student's _________ principles of motion during the performance of a skill.

mechanical

_________ assessment is a subjective, observational approach to identifying errors in the form, style, or mechanics of a skill.

Process

Instructors should use ________ assessments, quantitative measures of a movement's end result, to evaluate objectively fundamental skills.

product

What are the 4 quantitative measures of product assessments?

how far, how fast, howhigh , or how many

A _____________ test (superior to a standardized test) or a __________ _________ test can provide valid and reliable data for objectively measuring fundamental skills.

criterion-referenced; standardized norm-referenced

Instructors can use _________ standards to diagnose weaknesses and correct errors in skill performance because such performance standards define appropriate levels of achievement.

criterion-referenced

________ is an invaluable feedback tool. This allows a student performing a motor skill allows the student to view, first-hand his or her own performance and recognize errors that are not visible from the performer's perspective.

Videotape

________ feedback is the physical guidance of a student through a motor skill by an instructor. For example, an instructormight guide a student's arms through the process of swinging a baseball bat.

Kinesthetic

_________ feedback is particularly effective when teaching young children.

Kinesthetic

Instructors can use _______ in teaching sport skills and strategy. For example, "follow through" is a common phrase used by tennis coaches in instructing students.

verbal and nonverbal cues

If the instructor swing a racket the correct way to demonstrate a proper follow through, he uses a ________ cue.

nonverbal