CLA160 Midterm University of Toronto

Late Bronze Age

1600-1200 B.C, also called the Mycenaean Age.

Mycenae

where Mycenaeans settled in 2100 BCE, and peaked in 1200 BCE

Hittite name for Mycenaeans

Ahhiyawa- similar to Greek word for self Achaioi (Achaeans)

Home of Agamemnon

Mycenae

First excavator of Mycenae

Hienrich Schliemann in 1876

Pelopennese

Greek mainland (island of Pelops)

Cyclades

Aegean island (encircling ones)

Mycenaeans were...

expansionist warriors (chariots, bronze dendra armor, boar tusk helmets)

Mycenae was a...

wealthy trading empire (pottery, grand tombs called tholos)

Cnossus (Crete) and Pylos

Mycenae settlements where lots of clay tablets found

Linear B

language of ancient Myceneans translated in 1952 by Michael Ventris

Basileus

king or cheiftan of polis/demos

Megaron

massive palace commerce center, redistributive economy, ruled by wanax (lord)

Mycenaean Collapse

1100 BCE- culture and megarons dissolve, focus on survival, no language

Dark Age or Iron Age

1100-700 BCE, period with no centralized society or developed culture

demos

small, isolated communities during dark ages

polis

city state responsible for own government

Archaic Greece

new society emerging from dark age, polis and demos

nichoria

archaic age mudhuts

thetes

paid serfs who did not own land

nomoi

local traditions or customs serving as law in the archaic age

Early Greek poetry as a link

about mycenaean age, originating in dark age, written down in archaic age

epos

Greek for word or story

oral context of epic

set to music, emphasis on rhythm, memorized

rhapsodes

improvisational stitchers between songs

dactylic hexameter

meter of greek epic

aeitiological myth

myth explaining a cause or aitia

henotheism

a focus on one god among many secondary

Panhellenism

expansion of hellenistic culture

gods were...

immortal and above humans, but anthropomorphic and flawed

hybris

when humans act like gods

nemesis

divine punishment for hybris

charis

divine favor earned by following nomoi

cults

worship group for certain gods overseen by upper class priests or priestesses

timai

offices or values upon which gods honors were placed

orthodoxy

correct thinking about religion, greeks had no concept of it

cosmological poem

an account of order- theogony

proem

opening section or program of a poem

archai

first principles

apotheosis

process by which a mortal becomes god

heroa

sites to worship great men of past who were called heroes

Perseus, Theseus, Jason, Heraclas

oldest and most impressive heroes with coolest quests

Characters from Iliad and Odyssey

later, still kinda cool generation of heroes from the trojan and theban wars

oikistai

newest, least cool heroes associated with colonization and founding of cities

epichoric

hero cults were specific to certain areas

Even coolest greek heroes...

need godly help, fear death, labor

arete

excellence, being a "doer of deeds and speaker of words)

bia (arete deed)

strength in battle

euchos (arete deed)

athletic feat

tim-e (arete deed)

acting and being treated higher socially

aristeia (arete deed)

display of military power and divine support

philoi (arete deed)

loving your friends

echthroi (arete deed)

hating enemies

metis (arete words)

cunning, wit, innovation

dolos (arete words)

deception

peitho (arete words)

persuasion

agora (arete words)

diplomacy and debate

kudos

glory attributed by peers

geras

war prize symbolizing kudos

kleos

reputation secured in epic song

tyrannos

a figure holding complete power in a polis, can b good or bad

xenia

traditional value of the reciprocity between hosts and guests

Ionian Intellectual Revolution

period of cultural development in Ionia (modern day edge of turkey)

mythos

story

logos

reasoned argument

core of ionian intellectual revolutions

joint emphasis on inherited stories and reasoned argument

physikoi

natural philosophers

autopsy

what you can see for yourself

prose writing

medium of logos arguments

logopoios

prose writer

apeiron

the boundless, anaximander's first principle

aition

cause

Herodotus of Halicarnassus

prose writer, wrote historie of persian wars

Hecataeus

writer of periegeseis- travelogues, inspired Herodotus

hērōologia

heroic ancestors, ex Jason, Perseus

Herodotus' style

digressive, autopsy and collecting accounts, narrative episodes (mythoi)

Binary thinking

constructions in terms of opposites, how herodotus defined things

Croesus

king of Lydia 585-547 BCE who subjugated ionian greeks

Cyrus the Great

king of Persia (559-530) who conquered sardis and lydia in 547 BCE

dike

cosmic justice

Medes

subjugators of Persians

deioces

first median king, founded Ecbatana. Herodotus thought of him as a corrupted greek tyrannos

Astyages

brother in law of Croesus, overthrown by Harpagus and Cyrus

Cyrus...

conquered Ecbatana (550BCE), conqered Lydia/Sardis (Ionia) (547BCE), conquered Susa/Babylon (540BCE)

Darius

son of Cyrus, continued conquering

Xerxes

son of Darius, continued conquering

satrapies

persian provinces

Histiaeus

tyrannos of miletus, close with Darius

Ionian Revolt

499-495BCE, revolt against persians instigated by Histiaeus

Marathon

490 BCE, battle between persians and victorius athenians + allies, fighters leave legacy as marathonomachoi

Themistocles

greek military leader, convinced athenians to build a navy, winner of battle of Salamis

Hellenic league

alliance between athens, sparta, and pelopennese

Theropylae

battle between persians (led by Xerxes) and 300 athenians (defeated)

Salamis

480BCE, naval battle between greeks (victorius) and persians

Plataea and Mycale

important greek victories in 479 BCE

divine favor

concept of the divine influencing human conflict

synoecism

groupings of local demes

eupatridai

"those of good fathers", the aristocrat class of Athens

ecclesia

assembly of eupatridai who ran athens

archons

name for 9 leaders of athens