Unit 8B terms

March on Washington, DC (1963)

A massive civil rights demonstration where over 250,000 people gathered to advocate for racial equality and economic justice; Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech.

Sweatt v. Painter (1950)

A Supreme Court case that ruled the University of Texas Law School’s separate facility for Black students was unequal, challenging the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Nation of Islam

A Black nationalist and religious organization founded in 1930 that promotes self-sufficiency, economic independence, and racial pride among African Americans.

Birmingham Campaign

A 1963 movement led by the SCLC to protest racial segregation in Birmingham, Alabama, which attracted national attention due to police violence against demonstrators.

24th Amendment

Ratified in 1964, this amendment prohibited poll taxes in federal elections, removing a barrier that prevented African Americans from voting.

Malcolm X

A prominent civil rights leader and minister in the Nation of Islam who advocated for Black empowerment and justice, later moderating his views before his assassination.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Landmark legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, ended segregation in public places, and banned employment discrimination.

George Wallace

The segregationist governor of Alabama known for his pro-segregation stance and attempts to block desegregation of the University of Alabama.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)

A Supreme Court case that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson's doctrine.

Executive Order 9981

Issued by President Harry Truman in 1948 to desegregate the U.S. military, marking a significant step toward racial equality.

Stokely Carmichael

A civil rights activist who led the SNCC and popularized the term 'Black Power,' emphasizing racial pride and self-determination.

Black Panthers

A revolutionary socialist organization founded in 1966 to advocate for self-defense, social programs, and racial justice.

Freedom Summer

A 1964 campaign to register African American voters in Mississippi, facing violent resistance and resulting in the murders of activists.

Affirmative Action

Policies aimed at increasing opportunities for historically marginalized groups in education and employment by addressing past discrimination.

Selma Marches

A series of three marches in 1965 from Selma to Montgomery to protest voter suppression, leading to the Voting Rights Act of 1965.