________ (RIM)- any factor that stops members of populations of the same spceices or members of different species from breeding together; it acts as a barrier to gene flow.
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Allopolyploidy
________ is the more important of the two as it results in the hybrids containing the genes of two different species which can be advantageous to the polyploid should the selection pressures change.
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Deme
________- A local population that has no or limited gene flow with members of other populations.
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Divergent
________- Occurs when species become different.
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Prezygotic
________- act before the egg is fertilised.
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Bottleneck
________ effect may randomly alter allele frequencies and /or remove alleles so that when the population recovers, allele frequencies may not be representative of the original population and genetic diversity is likely to be reduced.
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Biological Evolution
________- the genetic change in a population from one generation to another.
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single phenotype
A(n) ________ is selected for and the allele frequency shifts in one direction.
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Diploid
________- The number of chromosomes in the zygote.
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Haploid
________- The number of chromosomes in the gamete.
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Genetic drift
________ occurs in small populations and with alleles not greatly affected by selection.
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Genome
________- The entire component of genetic material in an organism.
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Monoploid
________- The number of chromosomes in each set (Haploid and ________ are interchangeable)
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Aneuploidy
________- Only certain chromosomes are represented an unusual number of times.
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Gene Pool
________- The number of alleles that occurs in a population.
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Emigration
________- Individuals move out of a population.
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Vicariance
________- Large- scale allopatric speciation of a taxonomic group by a significant geophysical event.
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Immigration
________- Individuals move into a population.
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Gene Flow
________- The movement of alleles carried by individuals between populations.
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Gametic Isolation
When sperm can not survive in the chemical environment of the female reproductive system.
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Euploidy
________- Variation in chromosome number involves the entire genome.
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inbreeding
Increases the proportion of homozygotes in the population similar to self- fertilisations.
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Autotetraploid
________ has 4 sets.
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Speciation
________- The formation of a new species, the result of reproductive isolation.
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Autotriploid
________ has 3 sets of chromosomes.
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zygote
The ________, embyo or offspring is inevitable so it dies early in its development.
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gene flow
Increases the genetic differences between populations by introducing new alleles.
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Reproductive isolation
________ may result from just one or a combination of prezygotic and /or postzygotic isolating mechanisms.
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desirable phenotypes
Inbreeding increases the chances of favourable alleles coming together and resulting in ________.
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Hybrid Breakdown
Occurs when the hybrid reaches maturity and is able to breed but the next generations are infertile or have reduced reproductive capability.
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Outbreeding
Offspring produced by outbreeding show hybrid vigour when they contain a variety of alleles from their genetically different parents.
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Postzygotic
________- act after the egg is fertlilised.
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second division of meiosis
Results from the failure of chromosomes to separate during the first or ________ or in mitosis (results in a tetraploid) because the spindle does not function properly.
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Cline
________- A gradient of variation.
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Parallel Evolution
________- when two or more related species evolve along similar lines independently.
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Populations
________ are the units of evolution and changes in allele frequency in the gene pool of a(n) ________ indicates that evolution is occurring.
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Geographical isolation
________ results from physical barriers (rivers, mountains, oceans) separating populations.
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Sperm
________ can not penetrate the surface of the egg.
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genetic differences
Decrease ________ between populations- If migration is regular and involves large numbers of individuals, accumulated ________ between populations can be reduced by gene flow.
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Biological Evolution
the genetic change in a population from one generation to another
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Speciation
The formation of a new species, the result of reproductive isolation
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Gene Pool
The number of alleles that occurs in a population
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Deme
A local population that has no or limited gene flow with members of other populations
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Cline
A gradient of variation
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Clinal Variation
Must be linked in some way to an environmental gradient
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Ring Species
A special case of cline in which the two ends of the cline join to form a loop or ring
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Gene Flow
The movement of alleles carried by individuals between populations
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Immigration
Individuals move into a population
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Emigration
Individuals move out of a population
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Genetic Drift
A change in allele frequency due to the accumulated effects of chance
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Founder Effect
When a small number of individual animals or plants are dispersed to a distant place, the new arrivals carry only a small portion of the gene pool of the ‘parent population
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Genome
The entire component of genetic material in an organism
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Haploid
The number of chromosomes in the gamete
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Diploid
The number of chromosomes in the zygote
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Monoploid
The number of chromosomes in each set (Haploid and Monoploid are interchangeable)
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Aneuploidy
Only certain chromosomes are represented an unusual number of times
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Euploidy
Variation in chromosome number involves the entire genome
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Divergent
Occurs when species become different
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Convergent
Occurs when species become similar
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Parallel Evolution
when two or more related species evolve along similar lines independently
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Co-Evolution
occurs when two species form a mutalistic relationship
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Vicariance
Large-scale allopatric speciation of a taxonomic group by a significant geophysical event
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Sympatric Species
are (closely) related species that live in the same geographic location
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Allopatric Species
are (closely) related species that live in different geographic location
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Reproductive Isolating Mechanism (RIM)
any factor that stops members of populations of the same spceices or members of different species from breeding together; it acts as a barrier to gene flow
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Flashcard (25)