AP WORLD FINAL REVIEW -U1 TO U5

portrait of qing/ming

help give rulers legitimacy

bananas

from S.E asia to americas

help grow african population

junk ships

Large flat-bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel and participation in the tribute system

Santeria

Originated in Cuba, a religion that blends African traditions and Roman Catholic beliefs/practices; evidence of the syncretism created when European and African beliefs merged in the Americas

daimyo

Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; owed allegiance to the shogun

encomienda vs hacienda

The encomienda system granted Spanish explorers and military land and labor from the indigenous people (very exploited). The Spanish natives in debt were forced to work on large plantations called haciendas.

conservatism

favor of old order

emperor/peasants/nobility

napoleon

• first consul of france and then emperor (revolutionary ended) but back to absolutism

• fought with russia, holy roman empire/austria, prussia

• ended serfdom/religious tolerance

caudillos

military dictators that controlled latin american countries

balkan nationalism

• ottoman empire, greece with help from europe gained independece

• serbia, bulgaria, romania followed

• ottomanism - want to create minimal cultural difference but increased people’s nationalism/suspicion

otto von bismarck

• realpolitik (real politics)

• during german unification

maori/new zealand wars

• british, land dispute

• many maori died/land confiscated, land loss

propaganda movement in philippines

• want philippines to be fully spanish province instead of colony, citizenship rights

• lead to independence

seneca falls conference

• beginning of organized womens rights movement

• declaration of sentiments

olympe de gouge

declaration of rights of woman and of the female citizen

abolitionism

• us starting with quakers to british/french

• 1804- haiti abolish slavery

• 1807-british ended trade of enslaved people in british empire

• 1863- emancipation proclamation in US

glorious revolution

• parliment having more power

• constitution

maroon communities

• large groups of africans that espcaped to geographically secluded regions (brazil/carribean)

cossack revolts

• cossacks (russians)

• peasant rebellion against catherine the great (who was strengthening serfdom- farm bound to land)

fronde

• taxes from war expenditure- social unrest - absolute monarchy strengthened/king won fronde at end

reconquista and inquisition

• catholic spain try to end all muslim governce in iberian peninsula

• inquistion: jews must leave spain, muslims must convert

maratha-mughal conflict

• marathan empire in india (warrior group) challenge mughal empire - aurangzeb

new systems of labor

• indentured servitude(works to repay debt, can be released)

• mita system - spanish conquistadors adopted incan system/exploited it on local populations

• encomienda- spanish monarch gave large territories - explot na people there

• hacienda- large estates for economic production (workers work to pay debt)

none working- chattel slavery

ottoman religious tolerance

• tolerant to jews(that spanish exiled) and christians though they have to pay jizya tax/not full equality

• mughals (akbar) very tolerant, no tax, love learning

slave revolts

• stono rebellion in south carolina

• santo domingo cause strict laws

• ny slave revolt

• haitian war of independence

pueblo revolts

• pueblos in new mexico vs spanish

• spanish give forced conversions/invasions/murder

metacom’s war

• metacomet and indigenous people attack english

• disease/land seizures

explain political/economic/cultural factors in society from 1450 to 1750

• less men in africa- women taking more traditional roles

• syncretised african culture with europeans and NA- language, folklore, music, food

similarities and difference in belief systems in 1400-1750

• lady of guadalupe (syncretism of 2 relgions)

• catholic (from spanish conquistadors) and indigenous religions combined

  • pilgrims settle in north america

continuities in networks of exchange from 1450-1750

• traditional labor systems

• asian trading powers in indian ocean

• most people worked in peasant agricultural/artisans to produce goods (india, cotton, china-silk,porcelain, western europe, wool/linen )

muslim-european rivalry

• muslim (omanis) dominated indian ocean trade but european challenged

• omanis challenged portugese and kept dominant power

transatlantic slave trade

• plantation agriculture

• africans bc can’t escape, immune to disease

• 12.5 milion enslaved, warfare to captives for slaves to sell (asante/dahomey)

• chattel slavery

• africa - slaves to americas - sugar tobacco, cotton from americas to europe, give goods textile, rum to africa

omani empire

• maritime empire

• very diverse, culturally

• coast of iran/pakistan to east africa- flow of goods from arabia to east africa (more south asian prescene)

columbian exchange east to west:

• cash crops - sugar, coffee, cotton, tobacco

• HORSES!

• plants/animals

• bring enslaved people (west africa)

columbian exchange west to east

• staple crops: potatoes/maize - increase population bc it can feed more people

• tomatoes

ming dynasty isolationism

• restrictions on foreign trade ( mainly europe)

• canton system- westerners can only trade in canton w/ approved guilds

japan isolationism-

sakoku (complete isolationism) no foreigners, no japanese can leave)

portugese control in indian ocean trade, philippines

• building trading posts (trading post empire)

spanish in americas

• silver, potosi mines, made spain rich

• cash crops (sugar, wheat)

spanish/portugese colonies in the americas

• spanish in new spain (mexico city)/vicroyalty of peru (lime)

• portugese in brazil, trading posts

• treaty of tordesillas divided world for portugese/spanish

• other europeans: English in tobacco colonies, dutch NYC, french in canda

INTERNATIONAL RIVALRY/WAR

dominant powers: portugese, dutch, english

other europeans in americas

• cabot (england) landed in canda

• french atlantic coast

• carter - interior of north america

• hudson - want to find northwest passage but explored NYC area

EFFECTS of european exploration/expansion

• new trade routes - atlantic/columbian exchange, pacific (americas and Philippines)

• controlled indigenous people economy/took indigenous peoples resources

• systems of Forced labor (atlantic slave trade/chattel slavery)

• european commercial revolution- banking services/joint stock

• commodities (like silver)

afonso de albuquerque

expanded portugese to asia (malacca/goa)

motives for exploration

• political (competition against europoeans)

• economic: bypass foreign trade monopolies, resources/raw material, more trade, more tax revenue for militaries

inventions that helped transoceanic trade/travel

• carrack - large merchant ships - portugese - large cargo capacity

• caravel (small ship for surviving storm-Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic)

• fluyt - Dutch-built cargo ship - growth of Dutch maritime trade

• astrolabe

• compass

• astronomical chart

• lanteen sail

• gunposwer

tokugawa japan

• also feudalism

• shogun had most power

• daimyos made centralized gonvernment

• samurai following bushido

• confucianism, social hierarchy

• more women rights

russian empire

• mongols invaded - golden horde

• orthodox christianity

• tzar, boyar (noble, serf

• feudalism

• romanovs ruled

louis xiv and divine right

• thinks he is gods rep on earth

• absolute power/free of all restraints

safavid fought against

• ottoman (territory and religion of islam sects)

  -safavid - shia

  - ottoman-sunni

• mugal (territory in afanganistan)

manorial economic system

• a part of feudalism

• self sustaining manors (cause little trade/economic growth)

• lord in control, residents work/give goods/pay rent

european commerical revolution

• guilds and leagues

• 3 field system- more food and population, more towns, money economy, less agriculture

• effects: reconnect with trade network global/european expansion into americas

europe in the middle ages..

• underdeveloped

• lacking

• inferior technology/focused on agriculture

• france, britain, spain, portugal but western europe didnt have much political structure

Song Dynasty

(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.

majapahit empire

• hybrid of hinduism

• religious tolerance

• prosper from agriculture/trade

• java

• control of strait of malacca

vijayanagara empire

• hinduism (art/architecture)

• in india

• prosperous

• kings are “upholders of hindu faith”

srivijaya empire

• great trade/martime empire

• grew because of trade

• Buddhism

• in indonesia

Buddhism

• does not believe in caste system

• incorporate hindu beliefs, began in india

• monasticism - monksstudy buddhism in a monasteries-merchants pass along

stuff from china spread to japan/korea/vietnam

• rice planting/civilized development

• buddhism

Meritocracy

a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement

Civil service exam

System used by Chinese bureaucracy for placement and advancement in the government. Based on knowledge of Confucian texts

Grand Canal

designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long.

Champa Rice

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Introduced through trade. Facilitated the population boom during the Song dynasty.

Horse collar and heavy steel plow

Innovations that made agriculture more efficient and contributed to the population expansion

Proto-industrialization

a set of economic changes in which people in rural areas made more goods than they could sell. Occurred in Song Dynasty China

Artisans

Skilled workers or craftsmen

Golden age

• turks and mongols invasians spread inslam even further through domination

• shared bliefs, values - cultural unity

Commercial Society

A society based on trade. Example: Song Dynasty

Kowtow

Ritual practiced at the Chinese court as part of tribute. Foreigner dignitaries would also bring gifts to the emperor

Scholar gentry

in the Confucian social order, the emergence of families who combined the wealth of the owners of large landed estates (Gentry) with the political power of sons who had become Confucian scholar-bureaucrats; continued to form the bases of the Chinese elite for millennia, despite attempts by people like Wang Mang to limit their influence.

Foot binding

Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.

woodblock printing

A type of printing in which text is carved into a block of wood and the block is then coated with ink and pressed on the page. Developed by Buddhists during the 7th century

• SPREAD TO WESTERN EUROPE THROUGH SILK ROAD TO INVENT PRINTING PRESS INFUTURE

Theravada Buddhism

focused on personal spiritual growth through silent meditation and self-discipline. It became the strongest in Southeast Asia

Mahayana Buddhism

VERY ACCESSIBLE - everyone doing it, focused on spiritual growth for all beings and on service. It became strongest in China and Korea

Tibetan Buddhism

focused on chanting. It became strongest in Tibet

Chan/Zen Buddhism

emphasized direct experience and meditation as opposed to formal learning or studying scripture

Filial piety

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

Neo-Confucianism

syncretic faith mixing Buddhism and Confucianism. A social and ethical philosophy, not religious. Combines rational thought with metaphysics.

Daimyo

Land owning lords of feudal Japan

Bushido

The Feudal Japanese code of honor among the warrior class.

Dhimma system

no forced conversions to islam as long as accept islam political domination

Muhammad

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.

in islamic states…religion influence:

• sharia (legal code)

• women had more rights

• arabic (language) /mixed with local lang

• calligraphy, art architecture

House of Wisdom

bagdad, Created under the Abbasid Caliphate, it center of learning where scholars from all of the world and a variety of religions exchanged ideas and translated texts

• mathmatics (geometry, algebra, astronomy)

• literature - poetry, books

• medicine

• kept greek works/ideas/texts- preserve it

Mamluks

Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt;

• came to cairo as slaves but took over

Seljuk Turks

nomadic Turks tribes from Asia, convert to islam, who conquered Baghdad in 1055

PERSIA

adopted to local culture

Sultan

Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country

Mongols

Nomad group from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history.

• pastoralists

• genghis khan

• 4 khanates

• ENCOURAGED trade, religious tolerant, pax mongolia

• merchants can pool resources for a caravan so less risk

• gave power to scholars/physicians, other cultures

• adopted uyghur script

• invaded china(yuan), russia, hungary/poland

Baghdad

Capital of the Abbassid empire. Center of learning, art, and trade during the medieval period

Abbasid Caliphate

(750-1258 CE) - arabs, slowly declined from loss of control of HUGE empire (foreign invasians, internal revolts)

• turks TOOK over

• lead to Seljuk Empire, mamluk sultanate, delhi sultanate

Nasir al-Din Tusi

Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system.

Sufis

mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, & simple life- HELPED SPREAD ISLAM (highly communal)

Ibn Rushd

Muslim philosopher who blended Aristotle and Plato's views with Islam

Vijayanagara Empire

Name meant "victorious city." Created by brothers who were sent by Delhi sultanate but instead created their own empire

Delhi Sultanate

• turkish muslim state in northern india

• had cultural diversity/religious tolerance

• architecture

The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.

Bhakti Movement

Reform movement beginning in 12th c that rejected rituals in preference to devotion to a deity in an attempt to reform Hinduism, CHALLENGES CASTE INEQUALITY

Srivijaya Empire

flourished from the 600s to 1200s; controlled the Strait of Malacca, based in Sumatra

Mississipian culture

Another mound building culture that emerged in the floodplains of the major southeastern river systems about A.D. 800 and lasted until about A.D. 1500.

Cahokia

an ancient settlement located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.

• chief=great sun

• matrilineal society

Matrilineal Society

a society in which descent & inheritance come through the mother's kinship line. Mississippian society is an example

Chaco

An urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.