Plant A&P Typed Notes

Anatomy

The study of microscopic plant structure.

Ecology

The study of relationships between plants and their environment, both individually and in communities.

Biochemistry

The study of chemical aspects of plant life processes, including chemical products of plants.

Cytology

The study of the structure, function, and life history of plant cells.

Morphology

The study of macroscopic plant form and the evolution and development of leaves, roots, and stems.

Paleobotany

The study of the biology and evolution of fossil plants.

Systematics

The study of evolutionary history and relationships among plants.

Systems Ecology

The use of mathematical models to demonstrate concepts like nutrient cycling.

Taxonomy

The subdiscipline of identifying, naming, and classifying plants.

Metabolism

The process by which organisms, including plants, convert energy for growth, repair, reproduction, and maintenance.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants convert sunlight into energy.

Cellular Respiration

The process by which plants convert stored energy into usable energy.

Stomata

Tiny openings in leaves that allow gas exchange.

Monocot

A type of plant with parallel veins, fibrous roots, and flower parts in threes.

Dicot

A type of plant with branching veins, tap roots, and flower parts in fours or fives.

Eukaryotic Organisms

More advanced organisms with a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles.

Plant Cell Wall

A rigid structure made of cellulose and lignin that provides support to plant cells.

Plasmodesmata

Microscopic channels that connect plant cells, allowing for communication and transport.

Parenchyma Cells

Thin-walled, unspecialized cells used for photosynthesis, food storage, and secretion.

Collenchyma Cells

Supportive cells in young plants with unevenly thickened walls.

Sclerenchyma Cells

Rigid support cells with a hardening agent, usually dead at maturity.

Xylem

Vascular tissue responsible for water conduction and support in plants.

Phloem

Vascular tissue responsible for conducting organic nutrients throughout the plant.

Meristematic Tissue

Tissue composed of small, thin-walled cells that aid in cell division and growth.

Dermal Tissues

The outer covering of plants that provides protection.

Epidermis

The outer layer of plant tissue that protects the plant and contains stomata and guard cells.

Ground Tissues

Tissues involved in storage, metabolism, and support in plants.

Vascular Tissues

Tissues responsible for transport and support in plants.

Apical Meristems

Meristems located at the tips of stems and roots that cause primary growth.

Lateral Meristems

Meristems that cause secondary growth, increasing the diameter of plants.

SAM

shoot apical meristems

RAM

Root Apical Meristem

Root Apical Meristem

generate cells for the growing root

Function of Parenchyma

over 80% of the cells in non-woody plants

Function of Collenchyma

supports the growth regions of a plant

Function of Sclerenchyma

gives plants its “woody” characteristics 

Peridem

protects the woody stem (cork, cork comb cells)

Desmotubules

derived for rough ER, stretched to form a rod like structure

Water conducting cells

Of xylem also have a support function in plants but unlike collenchyma cells, they have a hardening agent and are much more rigid

1st wall

protects plant cells

2nd wall

maintain their shapes

Middle lamella

prevents excess water uptake

Phytoremediation

using plants to clean up soils and lakes

what stimuli do plants respond to?

light, gravity, and touch

Sieve tube members

Of phloem conduct organic nutrients such as sugar throughout the plant

How much can meristems grow?

have the capacity of unlimited growth

what do Fibers and Sclereid do?

support and protect plants

what do the Vascular Tissues do?

transport and support 

Xylem and Phloem

what are the types of vascular tissue?

what are the types of ground tissue?

Parenchyma, Collenchyma , and Sclerenchyma

Differentiation in plants:

Maturation, specialization of cells produced by meristems. (Growth: cell division and enlargement

what does the xylem contain?

trachery elements and conducting cells

A) trachids

B) Vessel elements

what does the phloem contain?

sieve elements and conducting cells

A) Sieve tube elements

B) Companion cells

what is the diameter of plasmodesmata?

50 nm diameter

What are the vascular cambium and cork cambium?

are secondary meristems that increase the girth of plants by producing new cells that differentiate into xylem, phloem, and bark

what is Leaf primordia?

groups of cells that develop into new leaves on a plant

what gives rise to the epidermis?

Protoderm

The xylem and phloem

what does protocambium give rise to?

Cortex

What is another word for ground tissue?