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Continous plankton recorder (CPR)
Is towed behind ships at roughly 10 m depth and takes samples of plankton
Factors to influence the selectiveness of a plankton net
Towing speed
Depth
Mouth opneing size
Camouflage of net (color)
Mesh size
Duration
Type and size of net
Ringnet
Gentle, relatively short, shallow tows with clsoed cod end to collect undamgaged animals for use in experiments, 200 m wire paid out
Bong net
1 hour quantitative oblique tows (max 300 m depth) with a flowmeter and time depth recorder attached to the net. Gives two replicates, 550 m wire paid out
RMTI net
2.5 oblique tows (1000m max depth) to catch larger, rare taxa living at depth. 1800m wire paid out
Multinet
Has multiple nets that can be electronically opened and closed, allows for sampling at different depth strata
Different mesh sizes for zooplankton sampling net
50, 200, 1000 micrometers
Sample preservation techniques
Buffer formalin
Ethanol
RNAlater
Flash Freezing
Buffer formaline (2%-5%)
Doesnt perserve DNA very well
Ethanol (70%-100%)
Doesnt work for gelatineous plankton
RNAlater
Salty solution, works well for RNA extraction
Flash freezing
Uses liquid nitrogen
Oceanic distribution
Throughout the oceans
Neritic distribution
More focused in upper water column in more shallow waters like coasts
Latitudinal diversy gradient
There is a clear decrease of species diversity from equator to pole, however not that clear in oceanic organisms
Longhursts biogeochemical provinces
Based on chlorophyll and temperature images from spaces
Marine biogeographical realms
Based on species diversity
Mesopleagic ecoregions
Based on fossils
DNA barcoding
Use of short specific DNA sequences for species recognition and discrimination. Based on sanger sequencing of individual organisms
Metabarcoding
Large-scale taxonomic identification of complex samples via one or more homologous DNA regions (barcodes)
Positives of metabarcoding
Rapid detection of climate change
Monitoring ecosystem health
Detection of introduced species
Study trophic interactions
Negatives of metabarcoding
Methadological artefacts (PCR)
Standardization of target barcodes
Lack of taxonomic resolution
Paucity of reference databases
DVM
Dial Vertical Migration