UTS - Psychological Perspective of the Self

Psychology

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Behavior

Observable actions such as walking, talking, or crying

Mental Processes

Internal experiences such as thoughts, memories, feelings, and perceptions

Psychological Perspectives

Ways of explaining human behavior and mental processes

Biological Perspective

Explains behavior as caused by biological processes in the body

Biological Perspective

Brain structures, nervous system, hormones, genes, neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that transmit signals in the brain such as serotonin and dopamine

Biological Perspective

Depression linked to low serotonin levels

Behavioral Perspective

Focuses on observable behavior learned through the environment

Behavioral Perspective

Learning, conditioning, rewards, and punishments

Ivan Pavlov

Psychologist associated with classical conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Learning by association

Classical Conditioning

Fear of dogs after being bitten

B.F. Skinner

Psychologist associated with operant conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Learning based on consequences

Operant Conditioning

Improving behavior through rewards

Cognitive Perspective

Explains behavior based on mental processes

Cognitive Perspective

Thinking, memory, problem-solving, decision-making

Cognitive Perspective

Studying using mental images

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Explains behavior through unconscious desires and childhood experiences

Founder of Psychoanalytic Perspective

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Anxiety caused by unresolved childhood conflicts

Humanistic Perspective

Focuses on personal growth, free will, and self-actualization

Carl Rogers

Humanistic psychologist who emphasized the self

Abraham Maslow

Humanistic psychologist known for the hierarchy of needs

Self-Actualization

Fulfilling one's full potential

Material Self

Part of the self that includes possessions you consider "mine"

William James

Psychologist who described components of the self

Real Self

Who you actually are

Ideal Self

Who you want to be

Congruence

When the real self matches the ideal self

Effect of Incongruence

Low self-esteem and dissatisfaction

Albert Bandura

Psychologist who introduced the concept of self-efficacy

Self-Efficacy

Belief in one's ability to succeed

Agentic Self

A person who actively controls and shapes their life

Buddhism

Eastern philosophy focused on ending suffering through understanding

Founder of Buddhism

Siddhartha Gautama

Anicca

Buddhist concept meaning impermanence

Hinduism

Eastern philosophy emphasizing karma and reincarnation

Law of Karma

The idea that actions have consequences

Taoism

Eastern philosophy focused on harmony with nature

Lao Tzu

Founder of Taoism

Yin and Yang

Opposing but interconnected forces

Confucianism

Eastern philosophy emphasizing social harmony and moral duty

Confucianism

Fulfilling one's role in society