Psyc 1100 Exam 2 Eric Lundquist Lecture vocab

Split Brain Studies

severs corpus callosum to reduce severity of seizures

Note Visual Pathways

left eye —> right hemisphere

right eye —> left hemisphere

Classical Conditioning

a learning process that creates new behaviors by associating a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that already elicits a response

Unconditioned Stimulus

input to a reflex, ex. food in mouth

Unconditioned Response

output to reflex, salivation to food

Conditioned Response

initial results in investigatory response, then habituation, after conditioning results in CR, bell

response is elicited and involuntary 

Conditioned Response

response to the CS, measure amplitude, probability, latency

extinction

CR declines and disappears over trails without the US
due to the buildup of inhibition

Spontaneous Recovery

after rest interval, extinguished CR reappears at almost previous strength, and extinguishes faster next time

due to dissipation of inhibition

Involuntary

responses involved

Contiguity

closeness in time is a basis of acquisition of conditioned reflex

optimal time interval

between the CS and US differs depending on particular response being conditioned, number of trials required for conditioning varies too

what does a more intense conditioned stimulus produce? ex. louder tone or a brighter light

production of a greater CR (more salvation)

Generalization

similar stimuli produce similar response

New stimulus similar to CS also produces CR (a different pitch tone still produces salivation) 

Discrimination

different stimuli produce different responses

Train “CS+” (high tine with US) and “CS-” (low tone w/o US); result is CR to CS+ but not to CS-

Does backward conditioning work?

False, does not work because the US must be before the CS

Operant Condititioning

Trial and error, incremental learning

Law of Effect

responses is automatically strengthened (increase of behavior) when followed by reinforcement and automatically weakened (decrease of behavior) when followed by punishment

Insight

a sudden realization of a solution

what is learned in operant conditioning?

a BEHAVIOR

how does learning occur in operant conditioning?

law of effects, CONSEQUENCES (but a delay of reinforcement weakens response) 

what is learned in classical conditioning?

a SIGNAL (cs→ us)

how does learning occur in classical conditioning?

CONTIGUITY, stimuli are associated together because they occur close together in time or space

what does reinforcement do to the behavior

increase

what does punishment do to the behavior

decrease

positive reinforcement

an addition of a appetitive stimulus to increase behavior

ex. food or approval

negative reinforcement

a removal of a aversive stimulus

ex. stoping the shocks after pressing a bar

positive punishment

the addition of aversive stimulus that decreases behavior

ex. shock collar

negative punishment

the removal of a appetitive stimulus that decreases a behavior

ex. removing a child’s fav toy

can extinction and spontaneous recovery happen in both operant and classical conditioning

yes, when there is no reinforcement (for operant)

discrimination stimulus

indicates under what circumstances, response will be reinforced

in operant conditioning, does the stimulus cause a response?

no, it sets the occasion for the response

amplitude

the strength of the conditioned response

ex. how much salvia is produced in the tube

latency

the time for the CR to occur

acquistion

the period of time of learning when pairing the CS with the US (bell and food)

continuous reinforcement

all responses get reinforced

interval schedule

reinforce next response within some time interval

Fixed Interval

time is fixed

rat gets food pellet for next bar press, say, 30 seconds after last pellet

Variable interval

time is average

rat gets food pellet for next bar press 20, 45, 35, 30 seconds after last pellet, etc. - 30 seconds on average

ratio schedule

reinforcement after some number of responses

fixed ratio

ratio is fixed

rat gets pellet for every 10th bar presses

variable ratio

ratio is variable

rat gets food pellet at a random number of presses of the bar

shaping

differential reinforcement of successive approximation to desired responses

chaining

linking responses into long sequence allowing training of very complex behaviors

Contingency

likelihood of US depends on the CS’s presence or absence

belongingness

when a CS and US belong together, or when two stimuli work better together

opposite of equipotentiality

Garcia Effect- Taste Eversion

associations with CS and US happen in just one trial, extinction is less likely to occur

when an animal acquires an aversion to the taste of a food that was paired with aversive stimuli

Encoding

process of transforming what we perceive, feel or think into an enduring memory

Storing

process of maintaining information in memory over time

Retrieving

Process of brining to mind information that has been previously encoded

Long term memory

longer than 1 minute

permanent

infinite capacity

Short term memory/working memory

seconds to minutes

7±2 items that you can remember

Childhood amnesia

we don’t form memories before the age of 2

need hippocampus, language, and remembering strategies to form memories- children under 2 do not have these things developled

flow of information in memory

receive as stimulus

short term

if rehearsed—> goes to long term

Maintenance

holds the information in the short term memory

Elaborative

moves the information into the long term memory

primary effect

early part of the list of words are recalled better than the middle

recalled from the long term memory

Recency Effect

last part of the list of words are recalled better than the middle

recalled from the short term memory

Phonological

in the short term memory

based on speech sounds

semantic

based on meaning

in the long term memory