Principles of Biology II - Bio 1108K Exam 2

Plants, fungi, and animals

What is the taxon name of this organism?

Anthophyta phylum (angiosperms/flowering plants: flower and fruit)

What is the taxon name of this organism?

Bryophyta phylum (Mosses)

What is the taxon name of this organism?

Coniferophyta phylum

What is the taxon name of this organism?

Cycadophyta phylum (Cycads)

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Ginkgophyta phylum (Ginkgo)

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Hepatophyta phylum (Liverworts)

What is the taxon name of this organism?

Ascomycota phylum (sac fungi)

What is the taxon name of this organism?

Basidiomycota phylum

What is the taxon name of this organism?

Mucoromycota phylum

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Actinopterygii (Ray-finned fishes)

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Amphibia

What is the taxon name of this organism?

Annelida (earthworm or leech)

What is the taxon name of this organism?

Arachnida

What is the taxon name of this organism?

Aves (birds)

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Bivalvia (clams, oysters, etc.)

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Cephalochordata (lancelets)

What is the taxon name of this organism?

Cephalopoda

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Chondrichthyes

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Cnidaria

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Crustacea

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Ctenophora

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Echinodermata

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Gastropoda

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Insecta (grasshopper, ladybug, butterfly, etc.)

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Mammalia (possum, platypus, primate, bats, etc.)

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Myxini (hagfishes)

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Nematoda (roundworms)

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Petromyzontida (lampreys)

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Platyhelminthes (flatworm)

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Porifera (sponges)

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Reptilia (non-avian)

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Aves or in broader terms: avian reptiles

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Urochordata (Tunicate)

Name the four Chordate characteristics

Notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; post-anal tail; pharyngeal slits or clefts

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Anthophyta phylum

Angiosperms have two key adaptations: flowers and fruit. A flower is a specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves called flower organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

For fruits, as seeds develop, the ovary wall thickens and the ovary matures into a fruit. Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Bryophyta phylum

Species such as the feather moss Pleurozium harbor nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria that increase the availability of nitrogen in the ecosystem.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Coniferophyta

Most are evergreens, meaning they do not shed their leaves in the winter. They have both male and female cones, which form needle-like structures.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Cycadophyta

Can be recognized like a palm tree. They bear large cones rather than fruits. Their leaves are quite large compared to the stem and grow out in a rosette around the stem

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Ginkgophyta

Have leaves that are fan-shaped and double-lobbed, with two branched-out veins. Their leaves grow in clusters, resembling the maidenhair fern. The leaves also have stomata only on the lower surface

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Hepatophyta

Liverworts, are named for their liver-shaped gametophytes. They are small plants because they lack vein-like tubes to conduct moisture and nutrients. They have leaflike structures that lack vascular tissue.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Ascomycota

Named after the ascus, a sac-shaped structure that contains ascospores and also small asexual spores called conidia.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Basidiomycota

The club-like shape of the basidium (a cell in which karyogamy occurs, followed immediately by meiosis) gives rise to the common name club fungus.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Mucoromycota

This fungi lack cross-walls (septa) in their hyphae, which can be observed under a microscope. They often form fluffy, cotton-like colonies on agar plates in laboratory settings.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Actinopterygii

Named for the bony rays that support their fins

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Amphibia

One reason they require relatively wet habitats is that they rely heavily on their moist skin for gas exchange; if their skin dries out, they cannot get enough oxygen. They have moist, smooth skin with glands that keep it lubricated.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Annelida

The taxon name means “little rings,” referring to the body’s resemblance to a series of fused rings. They have long, cylindrical bodies that are divided into segments by visible rings.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Arachnida

Class of invertebrate with eight legs and two body segments. They have a small, rounded body and long, thin legs. They also have six pairs of appendages.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Aves

Lack a urinary bladder, and the females of most species have only one ovary. Living ones are also toothless. These adaptations facilitate flight by including weight-saving modifications that make flying more efficient.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Bivalvia

They have a shell divided into two halves. The halves are hinged, and powerful adductor muscles draw them tightly together to protect the animal’s soft body.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Cephalochordata

This phylum is called lancelets, which get their name from their bladelike shape. As larvae, lancelets develop the four chordate characteristics.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Cephalopoda

The only molluscs with a closed circulatory system, in which the blood remains separate from fluid in the body cavity.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Chondrichthyes

The taxon name means “cartilage fish.” They have a skeleton predominantly composed of cartilage, though often impregnated with calcium. They have a ventral mouth and a flexible skeleton made of cartilage instead of bone.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Cnidaria

The basic body plan of this animal is a sac with a central digestive compartment, the gastrovascular cavity. A single opening in this cavity functions as both a mouth and an anus.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Crustacea

They are the only arthropods with two pairs of antennae. Three or more pairs of appendages are modified as mouthparts, including the hard mandibles. Walking legs are present on the thorax. They also have appendages on their post-genital region, or “tail.”

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Ctenophora

Have eight “combs” of cilia that propel them through the water

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Echinodermata

Have a coelom, a thin epidermis that covers an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates, and most species are prickly from skeletal bumps and spines.

They also have a water vascular system, which is a network of hydraulic canals branching into extensions called “tube feet.”

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Gastropoda

They have a shell that is secreted by glands at the edge of the mantle. They also obtain tentacles and a large foot with a flat sole for crawling.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Insecta

The body has three regions: the head, thorax, and post-genital region. The segments that form the head are fused. They have six legs, except for some immature forms like caterpillars. They also have one pair of antennae on their heads.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Mammalia

They are named for their distinctive mammary glands, which produce milk for offspring.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Myxini

Known as hagfishes. Jawless vertebrates that have highly reduced vertebrae and a skull that is made of cartilage. They have a small brain, eyes, ears, and a nasal opening that connects with the pharynx. Their mouths contain tooth-like formations made of the protein keratin.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Nematoda

The body is covered by a tough cuticle (a type of exoskeleton); as the [round] worm grows, it periodically sheds its old cuticle and secretes a new, larger one. They also have an alimentary canal, though they lack a circulatory system.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Petromyzontida

The skeleton of lampreys is made of cartilage. Unlike the cartilage in most vertebrae, lamprey cartilage contains no collagen. Lampreys have a flexible sheath around their rod-like notochord.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Platyhelminthes

The taxon name means “flat worm.” They have thin bodies that are flattened on both the ventral and dorsal sides.

They lack a body cavity. Their flat shape increases their surface area, placing all their cells close to water in the surrounding environment or in their gut.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Porifera

They lack tissues, groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit, as in muscle tissue and nervous tissue. The body of a sponge consists of two layers of cells separated by a gelatinous region called the mesohyl.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Reptilia

Have tough, scaly skin (scales that contain keratin) that protects them from predators and reduces water loss. They also shed the outer layer of their skin as they grow.

Name one or more traits you can observe to distinguish the identity of Urochordata

Also named as tunicates. They are built like a barrel with two openings, or siphons, projecting from each other (excurrent siphon and incurrent siphon).

Name the mode of nutrition of Anthophyta

Autotroph

Describe an ecosystem service attributed to Anthophyta

Angiosperms, serve as major sources of food and consumer goods, such as building materials, textile fibers, spices and herbs, and medicine.

Name the mode of nutrition of Bryophyta

Autotroph

Describe an ecosystem service attributed to Bryophyta

Captures and/or stores carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It’s goal is to reduce global warming.

They colonize sterile soils absorb nutrients and water and releases them slowly back into the ecosystem, contributing to the formation of soil for new plants to grow on.

Name the mode of nutrition of Coniferophyta

Autotrophs

Describe an ecosystem service attributed to Coniferophyta

Store carbon to slow climate change (like bryophytes). They also provide forest products, including lumber and firewood. Their main role is providing a wildlife habitat. They create opportunities for recreation, including hunting, bird-watching, hiking, and horseback riding.

Name the mode of nutrition of Cycadophyta

Autotroph

Describe an ecosystem service attributed to Cycadophyta

Used for food and medicine. Starch is also obtained from this phylum

Name the mode of nutrition of Ginkgophyta

Autotroph

Describe an ecosystem service attributed to Ginkgophyta

Known to resist air pollution and pests, so it is used as a street tree and also because of its beautiful foliage (leaves turning yellow in the fall).

Name the mode of nutrition of Hepatophyta

Autotroph

Describe an ecosystem service attributed to Hepatophyta

Form microhabitats for insects and entire microorganisms.

Their greatest impact is indirect, including the reduction of erosion along streambanks, the collection and retention of water in tropical forests, and the formation of soil crusts in deserts and polar regions.

Name the mode of nutrition of Ascomycota

Heterotroph

Describe an ecosystem service attributed to Ascomycota

Are important decomposers, breaking down organic materials, such as dead leaves and animals, and helping the detritivores (animals that feed on decomposing material) to obtain their nutrients.

Name the mode of nutrition of Basidiomycota

Heterotroph

Describe an ecosystem service attributed to Basidiomycota

Are decomposers. They decompose and recycle. They absorb nutrients by feeding on decaying matter, and play a significant role in the carbon and nutrient cycles.

Name the mode of nutrition of Mucoromycota

Heterotroph

Describe an ecosystem service attributed to Mucoromycota

Are primary decomposers of organic matter in soil. These fungi are found as filamentous molds, decomposers in soil or on plants, or as root symbionts.

They appear to aid in plant growth, plant stress resilience, and soil health.

Name the mode of nutrition of Actinopterygii

Heterotroph

Describe an ecosystem service attributed to Actinopterygii

Ray-finned fishes serve as a major source of protein for humans. They also control prey populations and play a fundamental role in food chains.

Name the mode of nutrition of Amphibia

Heterotroph

Describe an ecosystem service attributed to Amphibia

They eat insect pests, which is beneficial to agriculture and they help control mosquitoes, which benefits human health.

They play a dual role as both prey and predators and act as a food source for higher-order chordates like snakes, birds, and mammals.

Name the mode of nutrition of Annelida

Heterotroph

Describe an ecosystem service attributed to Annelida

Serve as decomposers. They break down organic material, which contributes to nutrient cycling and ecosystem health. They also serve as a food source for other invertebrates and fish.

Name the mode of nutrition of Arachnida

Heterotroph

Describe an ecosystem service attributed to Arachnida

Like spiders, they help control insect populations. They eat harmful insects like flies and cockroaches, which can destroy crops. They can also enrich soil with nutrients. They are food sources for other chordates like birds, lizards, etc.

Name the mode of nutrition of Aves

Heterotroph

Describe an ecosystem service attributed to Aves

They play many roles, including predators, pollinators, scavengers, seed dispersers, seed predators, and pest control.

Name the mode of nutrition of Bivalvia

Heterotroph

Describe an ecosystem service attributed to Bivalvia

Filter water and serve as habitat and prey for variety of sea life

Name the mode of nutrition of Cephalochordata

Heterotroph

Describe an ecosystem service attributed to Cephalochordata

Lancelets are known to be filter feeders, meaning they feed on plankton and other small organic particles by filtering them out of the water. By doing so, they help regulate the population sizes of planktonic organisms.

Name the mode of nutrition of Cephalopoda

Heterotroph

Describe an ecosystem service attributed to Cephalopoda

They are great sources of food for humans and even marine life. They are a key component of food webs, providing a major prey source for fish, including tuna and salmon, cetaceans like dolphins, sea lions, and whales, and a variety of sea birds.