Development and learning part one: conditioning

AP psych unit three (making this the day before the test. again.)

a process of learning in which people learn to associate different things with each other

What is associative learning?

when an organism grows accustomed to and diminishes their response to a repeated stimulus

What is habituation?

A learning method where we learn to associate two stimuli, allowing for anticipation

What is classical conditioning?

a stimulus that automatically triggers a response without any conditioning needed

what is an unconditioned stimulus?

a natural reaction to a stimulus without the need of any training

what is an unconditioned response?

A previously neutral stimulus that has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus to cause a reaction

what is a conditioned stimulus?

a learned response that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is presented, similar to an unconditioned response to the stimuli that have been associated with the conditioned stimulus

what is a conditioned response?

Acquisition

what is the initial learning of an association called?

Extinction (MAGNUS ARCHIVES REFERENCE?)

What happens when a conditioned response weakens due to a lack of reinforcement with the unconditioned stimulus?

the reappearance of an extinct conditioned response

What is spontaneous recovery?

the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and resond differently to them

What is stimulus discrimination?

a tendency to respond similiarly to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

What is stimulus generalization?

a process where a new stimulus becomes associated with an already conditioned one (conditioning on top of conditioning)

What is higher-order conditioning?

the process of changing a learned response to something more preferred by pairing it with a different experience

What is counterconditioning?

the learned association between the taste of a particular food and feeling sick

What is taste aversion?

learning that happens after just one pairing of stimuli ex. fire=pain

What is one-trial conditioning?

the innate tendency of organisms to quickly learn the associations between stimuli that are relevant for survival

What is biological preparedness?

when behavior is either strengthened or weakened by either reinforcement or punishment

What is operant conditioning?

The Law of Effect

“Behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated. Behaviors followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated.”

Any consequences that INCREASES the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring.

What is reinforcement?

when a POSITIVE stimulus is ADDED to reinforce a behavior

What is positive reinforcement?

when a NEGATIVE stimulus is REMOVED to reinforce a behavior

What is negative reinforcement?

things we naturally like and naturally feel rewarded by

What are primary reinforcers?

things we’ve been conditioned to associate with joy

what are secondary reinforcers?

The ability to distinguish between stimuli that will result in reinforcement

What is reinforcement discrimination?

the tendency to respond similarly to different stimuli that may be associated with the same reinforcement

What is reinforcement generalization?

Any consequence that DECREASES the likelihood of a behavior reoccuring in the future

What is punishment?

when an UNDESIRABLE stimulus is ADDED to punish a behavior

What is positive punishment?

when a DESIRED stimulus is REMOVED to punish a behavior

What is a negative punishment?

the process of gradually reinforcing behaviors in a lead up to a certain behavior

What is shaping?

when animals go back to their natural instincts instead of learning new behaviors that conflict with them

What is instinctive drift?

When behaviors are accidentally reinforced, leading to a belief that those behaviors cause desired outcomes

What is superstitious behavior?

patterns determining when and how often reinforcement is given for good behavior

What are reinforcement schedules?

when a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs

what is continuous reinforcement?

when a behavior is only reinforced some of the time, leading to a slower extinction

what is partial reinforcement?

when reinforcement is delivered after a fixed amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement

What is a fixed interval schedule?

When reinforcement is delivered after varying amounts of time have passed since the last reinforcement

What is a variable interval schedule?

when reinforcement is delivered for. a behavior after a fixed number of reoccurances

What is a fixed ratio schedule?

When reinforcement for a behavior is delivered after a random number of responses

What is a variable ratio schedule?

Variable ratio

Which reinforcement schedule yields the most consistent responses?

a post-reward pause; pause of a behavior after the reward in fixed-interval due to additional responses not bringing instant reinforcement

What is the scalloped pattern?

feelings of powerlessness/giving up after repeated failures and challenges

What is learned helplessness?

theory that a fair amount of our learning comes from observation and modeling behaviors, not experience

What is social learning theory?

learning by observing the consequences of other people’s actions without experiencing the consequences personally

What is vicarious conditioning?

a sudden understanding of the solution to a problem

What is insight learning?

subconcious learning that occurs without reinforcement

What is latent learning?

mental representations of spatial relationships and layouts

What are cognitive maps?