APW prologue test EVERYTHING - AMSCO

200,000-100,000 BCE

Humans first appear in East Africa

100,000 BCE

humans migrate out of Africa

10,000 BCE

humans populated every continent (except Antarctica)

3,500 BCE

Mesopotamia

3,100 BCE

Egypt

3,000 BCE

Indus Valley

2,000 BCE

China

400-200 BCE

Mauryan Empire (in india)

400-600 CE

Gupta Empire

1076-256 BCE

Zhou Dynasty

206 BCE - 220 CE

Han dyansty

221-206 BCE (only 15 yrs)

Qin Dynasty

c. 559 BCE

Persia

400 CE

Rome divided into east + west

c.100 BCE

Teotihuacan

753 BCE

Rome

527 - 565 CE

Justinian the Great

1453

Byzantine empire fell from accumulating internal conflicts + the breaking point = outside attacks (ottomans)

600CE

Teotihuacan became one of the largest cities

650 CE

Teotihuacan became abandoned

250 - 900 CE

height of mayan population + wealth

c.600-c.1200

postclassical civilizations

750-1258

Abbasid Caliphates

581-618

Sui dynasty

618-907

Tang dynasty

960-1279

Song dynasty

800-1200

Japan

600-1200

Africa

1200-1500

Great Zimbabwe dominated

1095

Pope called for a crusade (reclaiming jerusalem for “christendom”)

Animism

• deities associated with specific places

• all living + nonliving things posses spirituality

  • spiritual agents could influence/interact with humans

• practiced in east africa

Hinduism

• practiced in India

• founded by Aryans 3,500 yrs ago/1500 BCE

• a person’s soul is reincarnated

• could be liberated from this cycle once they reach “nirvana”

• introduced “caste system”

Zoroastrianism

• founded/practiced in Persia

• focuses on human free will

  • can choose good or evil and that choice will have consequences

• eternal battle between good and evil

Judaism

• founded by hebrews/Israels 4,000 yrs ago/2,000 BCE

• entered mutual promise between themselves and their god: Yahweh

  • fulfilling God's commandments + fostering a relationship with God

Christianity

• created by Jesus in 100 CE in Rome

• people could have a better life after death + forgiveness of sins if they believed in Jesus

• Jesus Christ (the Son of God) = savior of humanity

Islam

• founded by Muhammad in 700 CE

• practiced in the middle east + Saudi Arabia + south asia

• Qur’an = teachings of prophet Muhammad

• Qur’an —> 5 pillars of islam

  • belief in only Allah, ritual prayers, almsgiving (giving money/food to poor people), fasting, pilgramage to Mecca

Buddhism

• founded by Siddhartha Gautama in 530 BCE

• eliminate desire + suffering by following 8 fold path —> obtain nirvana

  • right understanding, speech, thought, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration

• 4 noble truths sought to eliminate desire and suffering by following 8 fold path

Daosim

• founded by Lao Tzu in the warring states period (c.475 – 221 BCE)

• living in harmony with the Dao, the fundamental principle of the universe

• yin and yang - opposing forces exist in all things

• humans could live in harmony with natural world

• Wu Wei aligning one's actions with the natural flow of events instead of going against it

• internal reflection, external action

Confucianism

• founded in 551 BCE by Kung Fu-tzu

• a system of thought and behavior

• social harmony

• Ren (benevolence) - treating others with respect and consideration, and acting in a way that benefits society as a whole

• Li (propriety) - proper conduct, social etiquette

• filial piety - respect, obedience, and care for one's parents and ancestors

• education = moral perfection

• social hierarchy and relationships )5 key relationships)

• harmony and balance

Shintoism

• founded in Japan, no specific date

• influenced by animism

• deep respect for nature, spirits called "kami," and ancestral spirits

• emphasizes purity, harmony, and the connection between the human and natural worlds

divine right to rule

belief that “god” chose them to rule

civilizations that didn’t develop near rivers

olmec (mesoamerica) + chavin (andes [in peru area])

classical india was united by…

religion more than politics

Define Patriarchy

A society dominated by males in which family lines and power and passed through the male.

The Agricultural Revolution: Geography and Humans

Populations grew and people began living in larger groups becoming cities.

The Agricultural Revolution: Religion and Culture

People became more separated into classes —> status of women declined

The Agricultural Revolution: Arts, Architecture, and Technology

• Learned how to use irrigation systems,

• use the wheel in transportation

• replaced stone with bronze/iron for tools, invented writing,

The Agricultural Revolution: Political Systems

More extensive governments and systems of taxes were created. Led to the development of a way of writing.

The Agricultural Revolution: Economic Systems

People started becoming skilled at one job.

• Ex. merchants or tool makers

The Agricultural Revolution: Social Interaction

As people developed wealth and competed for resources, gov. became a peaceful way of resolving these conflicts.

Mesopotamia

• contained world’s first civilization

• region around Tigris and Euphrates rivers (present day Iraq)

• build monumental structures such as zigggurates

• polytheistic

• city-states - highly patriarchal

Egypt

• Egypt was highly centralized under one rule, the Pharoah

• they built large Pyramids to display the pharoah’s power

• Woman were given much more power then other societies

  • allowed to own property

  • allowed to initiate divorce

Indus River Valley (present day pakistan + northwest india)

• polytheistic

• Performed long distance trade with Harappa + Mohenjo-daro

• developed technology like indoor plumbing and urban planning

• their language has never been deciphered so little is known about them.

China was..

• Patriarchal

• highly centralized (power, authority, and decision-making are concentrated in a single group)

• gave a lot of respect and special honor to their ancestors

What are the major characteristics of a civilization?

• Writing system

• Centralized government

• organized religion

• social classes

• job specialization

• Arts

• Architecture

How did hinduism come to be

Aryans came from North of the Himalayan mountains into Pakistan/India and brought scriptures called the vedas

The Classical Era dates

c. 600 B.C.E. to c. 600 C.E.

Define Empire

A collection of nations and people all ruled under one very large powerful person, the emperor/empress.

Name the empires that came from Western Eurasia

the Persian, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine

Name the empires that came from Southern Asia

the Mauryan and Gupta

name all the chinese dynasties

Qin, Han, Tang, Sui, Song, Zhou

Name the empires that came from Mesoamerica

Olmec, Maya, and Aztec

The Beginning and Spread of Buddhism: Geography and Humans

The religion was not specific to an area and could be universal so it could be passed along the silk road

The Beginning and Spread of Buddhism: Religion and Culture Additionally

it was monastic, allowing for monasteries to be built

The Beginning and Spread of Buddhism: Political Systems

Mauryan empire helped spread buddhism when it’s leader, Ashoka, converted

The Beginning and Spread of Buddhism: Social Interaction

Rejected the caste system, making buddhism popular with the lower caste members

What do many historians consider the most significant legacy of the Zhou Dynasty in China?

The Mandate of Heaven, which stated that an emperor was put in place by the heavens and that if they fell out of favor from the heavens there would be a sign of a natural disaster/peasant uprising

Who was Confucius? (Kung Futzu)

A philosopher in 551 BCE

Why was he important?

impacted Chinese beliefs and values more than any other philosopher

When did he live?

551 BCE during the Warring States Period

Why did his beliefs become so significant during his time and/or after his death?

his disciples compiled his teachings and sayings into the Analects which influences us today

Compare daoism and buddhism

Daoism and Buddhism

• focuses on self reflection + meditation

Buddhism does in order to stop cycle of reincarnation (nirvana), while daoism does in order to achieve harmony with the natural order of the universe

what were the accomplishments of the qin dynasty? (221-206 BCE)

• established the first unified, centralized empire in China, laying the foundation for future dynasties

• created a standardized chinese script,

• established a uniform system of weights and measurements

• built canals + roads.

  • setup the Han Dynasty to expand trade vastly

What is legalism?

Legalism is a dependence on moral law over religious faith

The Han Dynasty - Geography and Humans

Capital = Chang'an

The Han Dynasty - Religion and Culture

• confucianism became dominant philosophy

  • shaped social structures, ethical behavior, and gov

• daosim + buddhism also gained traction

The Han Dynasty - Arts, Architecture, and Technology

magnetic compass, paper, stern post rudder

The Han Dynasty - Political Systems

civil service exam based on Confucianism in order to get a position in the government

The Han Dynasty - Economic Systems

• Trade extended West into the Mediterranean Sea

• traded luxury items and silk

The Han Dynasty - Social Interaction

the Warring State Period was over —> interactions were much more peaceful

Who are some of the great rulers of the Persian Empire?

Cyrus the great

Where was the epicenter of the Persian Empire using political boundaries of the twenty first century?

Modern day Iran

What did the Persian Empire accomplish?

Gov. practiced religious toleration and had vast trading networks

When was the Persian Empire founcded?

559 BCE

Why does the Persian Empire matter?

Vast trade and efficient bureaucracy

Who are some of the great rulers of the Roman Republic and Empire.?

Julius Caeser

Where was the epicenter of the Roman Republic and Empire using political boundaries of the twenty first century?

Rome

What did the Roman Republic and Empire accomplish?

• representative gov

• innocent until proven guilty

• killed Jesus

• aqueducts

When did the Roman Republic and Empire exist?

753 BCE

Why does the Roman Republic and Empire matter?

They made advances in the gov. that affects govs today, and the spread of christian religion

What was Rome’s most endearing legacy?

religion - spread of christianity

The Romans themselves did not create Christianity but rather it was Jesus, and because of this not directly one of their doings.

Who was Jesus?

A leader exiled from Rome for his refusal to accept polytheism

Where was the epicenter of the Christian faith during the life of Jesus using political boundaries of the twenty first century?

Rome and Istanbul

What caused Rome to divide into 2?

The east had become far more wealthier and politically powerful than the west and so the roman empire was split into two halves

When did the Christian belief system begin?

During the Diaspora (spread of jews from conflict with Roman Empire) in the 1st century CE

Why was the Christian faith able to spread rather easily?

It was the main religion of the roman empire and Byzantine empire which grew very far. Additionally, it was universal so anyone could practice it anywhere.

Who was the greatest ruler of the Byzantine Empire?

Justinian the great

Where was the epicenter of the Byzantine Empire using political boundaries of the twenty first century?

Istanbul and Rome

What did the Justinian the Great accomplish?

• Justinian codes - legal reforms which still have an impact today

• Hagia Sophia church - under Justinian the Great