Non-experimental Methods

observations

a research method involving the systematic recording of behaviors or events as they naturally occur in a specific setting

questionnaires

a research tool that gathers data by asking participants to answer a predetermined set of written questions about their attitudes, beliefs, or experiences

interviews

a research technique where a researcher asks questions verbally to participants to gather in-depth, qualitative information about their thoughts, feelings, or life experiences

case studies

an intensive, in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or unique phenomenon, often used to understand complex or rare psychological conditions

content analyses

a research method used to systematically categorize and quantify the presence of specific words, themes, or concepts within a form of communication, such as texts, media, or spoken interaction

correlation analyses

a statistical method used to determine the degree and direction of a relationship between two or more variables, allowing researchers to predict one variable from the other

meta analyses

a statistical technique that combines the quantitative results from multiple independent studies on a single topic to derive a stronger, overall conclusion