psych quiz 2

Consciousness

awareness of internal and external stimuli such as feelings of hunger, pain or detection of light

Normal state of consciousness

awake, alert, fully aware of surroundings

Altered state of consciousness

ability to pay attention to certain tasks can be increased or decreased compared to normal waking consciousness

Stages of sleep

Wake: open or closed eyes; N1: lightest stage of sleep; N2: deeper stage of light sleep; N3: moderate to deep stage of sleep; N4: deepest stage of sleep; REM: associated with dreaming

REM sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep

Night terrors

in sleep experience sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape; occur during NREM and no memory

Sleep deprivation effects

Impaired cognitive function, mood swings, weakened immune system, increased risk of metabolic diseases like diabetes, hallucinations, death

Theories of dreaming

Sigmund Freud saw dreams as a way to gain access to the unconscious; Carl Jung believed that dreams allow us to tap into collective unconscious

Circadian rhythms

Biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours, generated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Circadian rhythms and sleep cycle

Sleep-wake cycle, one of our main circadian rhythms is linked to our environment's natural light-dark cycle

Insomnia

defined by difficulty falling or staying asleep. depression, age, drug use, exercise, mental status, bedtime routine

Parasomnia

unwanted motor behavior/experiences throughout the sleep cycle (sleep walking, REM sleep behavior disorder (muscle paralysis), restless leg syndrome, night terrors)

REM sleep behavior disorder (parasomnia)

muscle paralysis with REM does not occur

Restless leg syndrome (parasomnia)

a condition that causes an uncontrollable urge to move the legs

Sleep apnea

when individuals stop breathing during their sleep (10-20 sec or longer); repeated disruptions in sleep lead to increased levels of fatigue

Obstructive sleep apnea (sleep apnea)

airways becomes blocked and air is prevented from entering the lungs

Central sleep apnea

CNS fails to initiate breaths

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

when infant stops breathing during sleep and dies; infants younger than 12 months at higher risk. contributing factors (premature birth, smoking within the home, hyperthermia)

Narcolepsy

irresistible urge to fall asleep during wake hours - triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress

Hypnosis

extreme focus on the self that involves suggested changes of behavior and experience

Practical uses for hypnosis

Pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, quitting smoking and weight loss

Substance abuse

compulsive pattern of drug use despite negative consequences

Physiological dependence

involves changes in normal bodily functions and withdrawal upon cessation of use

Psychological dependence

emotional need for the drug

Tolerance

occurs when a person requires more and more of a drug to achieve effects

Withdrawal

negative symptoms experienced when a drug use is discontinued

Depressant

drugs that suppress the central nervous system activity (e.g., alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines)

Stimulant

increase overall levels of neural activity (increased dopamine) (e.g., cocaine, amphetamines, cathinones, MDMA)

Supernatural explanations

forces beyond scientific understanding (possession of demons/spirits)

Biological explanations

genetic factors, chemical imbalances, brain abnormalities

Biopsychosocial explanations

combination of biological, psychological and social factors

Anxiety disorders

persistent & excessive anxiety that disrupts one's life

Etiology: genetic, environmental, psychological development factors

Social anxiety disorder

extreme and persistent anxiety & avoidance of social situations

Anxiety

revolves around potential for negative evaluation, humiliation, or rejection

Panic disorder

recurrent & unexpected panic attacks, persistent concern about/fear of consequences from panic attacks which lead to impairment in daily functioning

Generalized anxiety disorder

continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, pointless worry about many different things

Restless, difficulty concentrating, easily fatigued, muscle tension, sleep difficulties

Mood disorders

severe disturbance in mood and emotions (depression, mania, eleation)

Etiology: Genetics, imbalances in neurotransmitters norepinephrine & serotonin

Major depressive disorder

depressed/irritable mood most of the day, nearly every day, lost of interest & pleasure in usual activities

symptoms : weight/appetite loss/gain, sleeping too much/little, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, suicide ideation

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

repetitive, intrusive, unwanted, hard-to-suppress thoughts (obsessions), repetitive, ritualistic actions (compulsions)

Body dysmorphic disorder

persistent preoccupation with perceived flaw in physical appearance

Hoarding disorder

unable to get rid of possessions regardless of how useless they are

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

psychological reaction following exposure to trauma

Etiology: cognitive , psychological, environmental cues which remind them of the trauma

Agoraphobia

afraid that won't be able to escape/get help if gets too anxious or has a panic attack

Bipolar disorder

extreme emotional states - alternate between depression and mania

Schizophrenia

major impairment in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior

genetics , neurotransmitter dopamine, prenatal factors may affect brain development

Positive symptoms: additional behaviors (hallucinations, etc.)

Negative symptoms: "lack of" behaviors (social withdrawal, apathy)

Dissociative Identity disorder (DID)

multiple personality disorders

Come from severe repeated physical and/or sexual abuse as young children, learned to dissociate as a coping mechanism

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

inattentive - avoid tasks that require attention, poor time management, easily distracted, disorganized; hyperactive/impulsive - unable to sit still, trouble waiting for turn

Etiology of ADHD: genetics, dopamine, less front lobe activity/volume, prenatal exposure to nicotine

Psychotherapy

talking with psychological professionals, insight and skill based therapies

Psychoanalysis

reveal unconscious/represented conflicts (insight)

Free association (talking about anything that comes to mind), dream interpretation (talking about dreams), transference (patient-therapist relationship)

Behavior therapy

skills based therapy to change disordered behavior

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

determine how you feel and act, focus on helping clients to recognize and change cognitive distortions

Focus on helping clients to recognize and change cognitive distortions.

replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful ones

Humanistic therapy

focuses on helping people achieve their potential

Increase self-awareness and acceptance through focus on conscious thoughts

Focus on present and future, not past

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Electroshock therapy

used to treat severe depression with electric current to brain

Circadian Rhythm

a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of 24 hours

Drug tolerance

the body's adaptation, where increasing doses of a drug are needed to achieve the same effect

Melatonin

a hormone released from the pineal gland that influences our sleep-wake cycles

GABA

the neurotransmitter system primarily affected by alcohol consumption

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

the part of the brain that regulates circadian rhythms

Diathesis-stress model

suggests that a combination of biological predisposition and stress leads to disorders

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

additional behaviors such as hallucinations

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

used to classify and diagnose mental health disorders

Systematic desensitization

a therapeutic technique that involves gradually exposing someone to their fear in a controlled way

Token economy

a therapeutic approach that uses reinforcement to encourage positive behavior

Cultural competence in therapy

refers to adjusting therapeutic approaches based on clients' cultural identities

Psychiatric hospitals

the setting that replaces asylums as the primary treatment facility for mental illness

types of substances discussed

Depressants

Alcohol

Stimulants

Dopamine agonists

Caffeine

Nicotine

Opioids

Hallucinogens

personality disorder

a mental health condition that involves long-lasting, all-encompassing, disruptive patterns of thinking, behavior, mood and relating to others.

Borderline personality Disorder

unstable relationships, sense of self and mood

biomedical therapy

treatments with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms

Psychotropic drugs

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

What is a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of 24 hours?

Circadian Rhythm

Jamie has developed headaches and nausea after not using a substance he regularly consumed.

This is an example of withdrawal

What term refers to the body's adaptation, where increasing doses of a drug are needed to achieve the same effect?

Drug tolerance

Jesse finds that stopping nicotine makes him irritable and restless, and he constantly thinks about smoking.

This is an example of psychological dependence

Which hormone, released from the pineal gland, influences our sleep-wake cycles?

Melatonin