Bio Exam: Chapters 1-4

The 7 properties of all common life

1. Order: highly organized structures that consist of one or more cells
2. Reproduction: reproduce their own kind - genes (DNA) are passed to the next generation
3. Growth & Development: inherited information encoded in DNA (from parents) controls the pattern of growth and development
4. Response to the Environment: organisms. respond to environmental stimuli
5. Energy Processing: organisms processing energy - they take in energy and use it to power their activities. Plants take in the energy from the sun and animals eat food
6. Evolutionary Adaptation: adaptations that are best suited(fit) for their environment evolve over generations because they ensure reproductive success.
7. Regulation: regulate internal conditions - organisms maintain a beneficial controlled internal environment

Apoptosis

The properties of life emerge at the biological level of the cell. The highly regulated process of **apoptosis** is not simply the destruction of a cell; it is also an emergent property.

Three domains of life

* Domains Bacteria and Archaea contains organisms with simple cells
* Domain Eukarya include various protests and the kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

Domain Bacteria, and Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes, Archaea

Domain Eukarya

Plants are photosynthetic

Fungi are decomposers

Animals eat other organisms

Protista is a large complex grouping of mostly unicellular eukaryotic organisms.

The 7 components of life from smaller to largest

organelle - a small structure in a cell that is surrounded by a membrane and has a specific function.

cells-The smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body

tissue-a group of cells that possess a similar structure and perform a specific function

organs-the body's recognizable structures that perform specific functions

organ systems-*a group of organs that work together to perform a certain function in an organism's body*

organisms-a living thing that has an organized structure, can react to stimuli, reproduce, grow, adapt, and maintain homeostasis

population- *a group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time*.

communities-*an interacting group of various species in a common location*

ecosystem-is a system consisting of biotic and abiotic components that function together as a unit

Biosphere- made up of the parts of Earth where life exists

Explain why cells are a special level in biological organization.

Cells are considered a "special level" in biological organization because they function as the absolute smallest unit of life and they can regulate their internal environment, take in/use energy, respond to environment, complex organization to arise new cells

Define the concept of emergent properties and provide an example

New properties in each higher structural level of life that did not exist in lower levels, and they result from the specific arrangement and interactions among component parts.

Qualitative

relating to, measuring, or measured by the quality of something rather than its quantity.

Quantitative

relating to, measuring, or measured by the quantity of something rather than its quality.

Theory

is an explanatory idea that is broad in scope, has been extensively tested with many experiments, and is supported by a large body of evidence

Will never be proven, only supported

Hypothesis

A proposed explanation for an observer or a set of observations

Predictions that CAN BE TESTED

Will never be proven, only supported

Variables in Controlled Experiments

Independent Variable: the factor that is being manipulated

Dependent Variable: the measure that is used to judge the outcome of the experiment. This depends on the manipulated variable

Controlled experiment: compares an experimental group with a control group

Scientific Method Steps

1. Observation- observe the things around you
2. Question- ask a question based on what you observed
3. Hypothesis- form an educated guess, this answers the question in the step before
4. Experiment- perform an experiment to test the hypothesis, it must have an independent variable and a dependent variable. During an experiment, data is collected
5. Analysis- after the experiment and collecting the data, they analyze the data and they do this to determine relationships among the data.
6. Conclusion- if the data supports the hypothesis, then there might be an explanation. There have to be many trials to confirm the results, and if the data doesn’t support the hypothesis they have to make new observations and they have to go back to the beginning.

Describe the process of natural selection. Do individuals evolve?

The process of natural selection means that individuals within a population of a species that have favorable adaptations for their environment will live long enough to reproduce and pass down those desirable traits to their offspring.

Individuals do not evolve

How does evolution impact human lives

Genetics changing can alter a species' overall way of life, such as what it eats, how it grows, and where it can live.

What is DNA?

It is the genetic material of life that is responsible for heredity for programing the activities of a cel by providing the master instructions

* is a nucleic acid- two strands coiled together into double helix

What is a gene?

a specific sequence of DNA that codes for a particular protein or set of proteins

Gene expression

the flow of genetic information from gene to protein

DNA→RNA→Protein

Examples on how structure and function is related.

Red pandas have a false thumb to help them grasp objects

Beetles have a hard exoskeleton to help keep them protected

The hawk has a different shaped boat to be more aerodynamic

Life depends on energy and matter

Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction

\- entering as sunlight

\-converted to chemical energy by producers,

\-passed in to consumers

\-exiting as heat

Ecosystems are characterized by the cycling of matter

\-from the atmosphere and soil

\-through producers, consumers and decomposers

\- then goes back to the environment

ENERGY FLOWS

MATTER CYCLES