Psych 3240 Quiz Import Prt 2

Precentral Gyrus

Frontal lobe, controls voluntary movement, topographical organization of body muscles

Motor Homunculus

Map of where the neurons in the region of the brain controls the body muscles. Adapted more for speech and dexterity

Broca's area

Frontal lobe, Language articulation area, grammatical structure. Aphasia causes impaired word production but not comprehension

Prefrontal cortex

Frontal lobe, planning, decision making, impulse control

Postcentral gyrus

Parietal lobe, processes skin senses, body position, topographical organization

Association cortex

Parietal lobe, integrates info from other senses, location of objects in space.

Unilateral neglect

Damage to association cortex, ignore sounds/objects on the side opposite to damage.

Primary visual cortex

Occipital lobe, receive visual info from retina, process simple features like orientation, topographical organization

Auditory cortex

temporal lobe, receives input from ears

Wernicks area

temporal lobe, language comprehension, aphasia causes impaired word comprehension but not word production

inferior temporal cortex

temporal lobe, visual identification of familiar objects-faces,

corpus callosum

large band of myelinated axons, carries info between 2 hemispheres.

Proliferation

first step in development, cells divide and multiply at extreme rate, in ventricular area

migration

second step in development, move from ventricular zone to final location, aided by specialized radial glial cells

circuit formation

third step in development, axons of developing neurons grow towards their target cells and from functional connections

circuit pruning

eliminates excess neurons and synapses, refines organization

nucleus

cluster of grey matter

thalamus

sensory relay station, gives info to cortex

hypothalamus

coordinate emotional and motivational functions, sex eating emotion, controls pituitary gland which controls endocrine system

pituitary gland

in hypothalamus, part gland part neurons so represents the interface between neuron system and glandular system

ventricles

cavities in brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid, carry nutrients from blood vessels to CNS, transport waste away

lateral ventricles

first 2, either side of the thalamus

third ventricle

between lateral ventricles

cerebral aqueduct

third ventricle narrows in midbrain

fourth ventricle

cerebral aqueduct widens in hindbrain

tectum

dorsal side of midbrain

superior colliculus: vision, eye movement

inferior colliculus: hearing, location of sounds

tegmentum

ventral side of midbrain, control movement

substantia nigra: dopamine producing neurons-parkinsons disease

ventral tegmental area: role in reward

neurotrophins

chemicals that enhance the development and survival of neurons

Plasticity

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

ventral tegmental area

midbrain, role in rewards food drugs sex

Pons

Hindbrain, sensory neurons pass through to thalamus, motor neurons pass, sleep and arousal circadian rhythms

cerebellum

Hindbrain, motor coordination, balance, motor learning

Medulla

Hindbrain, life sustaining structures heart activity and breathing

Reflex arc

a neural pathway that controls reflex act

Reflex act

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, muscle contraction, gland secretion

miniges

wrap around, protection and structural support

blood brain barrier

prevent harmful substances from entering the brain, made of capillary cells so tightly packed, fat soluble substances can pass, postrema in medulla not protected

PNS

12 pairs of cranial nerves

drug

a substance that on entering the body changes the body or its functioning

psychoactive drugs

psychological effects, anxiety relief, hallucinate

addiction

preoccupation with obtaining a drug, compulsive use in spite of adverse consequences, high tendency to relapse after quitting

Withdrawal

negative reaction when drug is stopped

tolerance

individual becomes less responsive to the drug and requires more to produce the same result

opiates

heroin, morphine, oxy. derived from opium poppy,

analgesic-pain relieving, hypnotic-sleep inducing, overall euphoria,

Act as agonists of endogenous opiates (endorphins)

heroin

most abused opiate, highly soluble in lipids so pass blood brain barrier, overdose from tolerance or form too pure

conditioned tolerance

tolerance that becomes associated with the persons drug taking surroundings and circumstances

depressants

alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines. reduce CNS activity,

sedative drugs-calming

anxiolytic drugs- anxiety reducing

alcohol (depressant)

low dose-stimulant high dose-sedative or hypnotic

risks of alcoholism-cirrhosis of liver, B1 deficiency, korsakoffs syndrome

withdrawal- tremors anxiety, delirium tremens=severe

antagonist of glutamate-inhibits release of glutamate( Excitatory NT) causes sedated effect,

agonist of GABA- increase release of GABA, chloride ions able to pass through bc facilitated opening of channels to hyper polarize membrane

barbiturates (depressant)

low dose- increase sociability high dose- sedative

treat anxiety insomnia

agonist of glutamate

agonist of gaba by binding to gaba A- high doses open Cl channels even without GABA=danger

benzodiazepines (depressant)

reduce anxiety, sedation

calcium xanex

addictive

similar to barbiturates but safer bc can't open Cl channels on their own

stimulants

activate CNS, arousal, alertness, elevate mood

cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, caffeine

Cocaine (stimulant)

produce euphoria, decrease appetite, increase alertness, relieve fatigue. cocaine hydrochloride-white powder inhaled. freebase-pure.

agonist of dopamine and serotonin by blocking reuptake at synapse which reduces brain activity

amphetamine (stimulant)

synthetic drugs, agonist of dopamine and norepinephrine by increasing release into cleft , similar effects to cocaine, heavy use causes similar effects to paranoid schizophrenia

nicotine (stimulant)

large dose- nausea vomiting headaches

withdrawal- nervousness anxiety drowsiness headaches

high health risk bc very addictive

damage cancer suppressing genes, buergers disease,

agonist of acetylcholine receptors

caffeine (stimulant)

agonist increase release of dopamine and acetylcholine

agonist

Mimics the NT by binding to the receptor and activating it

antagonist

decrease the receptors ability to activate bc its blocked

Psychedelics

compounds cause perceptual distortions- light, color, details. LSD, MDMA

LSD

stimulate serotonin receptors (agonist)

Ecstasy MDMA

Increase energy, sociability sexual arousal

Increase of dopamine and serotonin (agonist)

Marijuana

THC: cannabinoid,

agonist of anandamide and 2AG by binding to receptors (cannabinoid receptors)

somatic nervous system

carry signals from CNS to skeletal muscle and sensory neurons bring info from sensory organs to CNS

autonomic nervous system

regulates body general activity levels, controls smooth muscles, heart, glands

sympathetic and parasympathetic sections

sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. originate from middle of spinal cord, passes through sympathetic ganglion chain which controls simultaneous activation of organs- works as a unit

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. originate more from the ends of the spinal cord.

angel dust (psychedelic drug)

inhibits glutamate receptors (antagonist)

dopamine agonist

withdrawal avoidance hypothesis

addiction is cause by the desire to avoid withdrawal symptoms

-does not explain use of drug before dependence

PeriVentricular/PeriAqueductal Gray

midbrain, withdrawal symptoms, injected with drug and blocker, mouse had withdrawn symptoms

Ventral Tegmental Area

mice felt the drug but once blocker admitted they didn't get the withdrawal, opposite of PVG test

Medial Forbrain bundle

connect ventral segmental area to nucleus accumbens-neural tract

nucleus accumbens

Cluster of grey matter (unmyelinated), axons connect to prefrontal cortex