Key Concepts in Psychology and Conflict Resolution 3.

Approach-Approach Conflict

A type of conflict that occurs when a person must choose between two desirable outcomes.

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A conflict involving a single goal or event that has both positive and negative aspects.

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

A conflict that occurs when a person must choose between two unattractive outcomes.

Belief Perseverance

The tendency to cling to one's initial beliefs even after receiving new information that contradicts or disconfirms the basis of those beliefs.

Burnout

A state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion caused by excessive and prolonged stress.

Central route persuasion

A method of persuasion that involves careful consideration and evaluation of the arguments, evidence, and logic presented in a persuasive message.

Companionate love

A deep and enduring emotional bond characterized by intimacy, trust, affection, and commitment, often found in long-term relationships or marriages.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs.

Conflict

A perceived incompatibility of goals, interests, or values between individuals or groups, leading to disagreement, tension, or competition.

Denial

Refusing to accept reality or facts.

Disinhibition

A lack of restraint manifested in disregard for social conventions, impulsivity, and poor risk assessment.

Displacement

Redirecting emotional impulses from a threatening target to a safer one.

Display Rules

Cultural norms that dictate the appropriate expressions of emotions.

Dispositional Attribution

Attributing behavior to internal characteristics or traits of the individual.

Ego

The rational and decision-making component of personality that operates on the reality principle, mediating between the demands of the id, superego, and external reality, while managing internal conflicts and desires.

Emotion

A complex psychological and physiological state characterized by subjective feelings, physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and cognitive appraisal, often in response to external stimuli or internal thoughts.

Explicit Attitudes

Attitudes that are consciously held and can be easily reported.

External Locus of Control

The belief that external factors, such as luck or other people, control one's fate.

False Consensus Effect

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A persuasion technique in which compliance with a small request is followed by compliance with a larger request, based on the principle of consistency and the desire to maintain a positive self-image.

Halo Effect

The tendency for an impression created in one area to influence opinion in another area.

Homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain a stable, balanced internal environment despite changes in external conditions, through physiological mechanisms that regulate various bodily processes and functions.

Id

The primitive and instinctual component of personality that operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of basic needs and desires, regardless of social norms or consequences.

Implicit Attitudes

Attitudes that are automatic, unconscious, and difficult to control.

Internal Locus of Control

The belief that one controls one's own fate or outcomes.

Just-world phenomenon

The tendency to believe that the world is inherently fair and that people get what they deserve, leading to victim-blaming and rationalization of inequalities and injustices.

Lowball Technique

A persuasion and selling technique in which an item or service is offered at a lower price than is actually intended to be charged, after which the price is raised to increase profits.

Passionate love

An intense emotional state characterized by strong feelings of attraction, longing, and desire for intimacy and physical closeness, often experienced early in a romantic relationship.

Peripheral route persuasion

A method of persuasion that relies on superficial factors such as attractiveness, credibility, or emotional appeals rather than the quality of the message itself.

Physiological need

Basic biological requirements for survival and functioning, such as food, water, shelter, and sleep, which must be satisfied to maintain homeostasis and well-being.

Preconscious

The area of the mind that contains information that can be brought into consciousness when needed.

Projection

Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others.

Rationalization

Creating a seemingly logical reason or excuse for behavior that might otherwise be shameful.

Reaction Formation

Behaving in a way that is opposite to one's unacceptable impulses.

Regression

Reverting to an earlier stage of development in the face of stress.

Relative Deprivation

The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.

Repression

A defense mechanism that involves pushing threatening or anxiety-provoking thoughts, feelings, or memories into the unconscious mind, preventing conscious awareness and reducing distress.

Self

A multidimensional construct that encompasses an individual's beliefs, attitudes, values, identity, and self-awareness, representing their subjective experience of themselves as separate and distinct from others.

Self-disclosure

The voluntary sharing of personal information, thoughts, feelings, or experiences with another person, which fosters intimacy and trust in interpersonal relationships.

Set point

A hypothetical physiological level or range (such as body weight or temperature) that the body tries to maintain within a stable equilibrium through regulatory mechanisms and feedback loops.

Situational Attribution

Attributing behavior to external factors or circumstances.

Sublimation

Redirecting unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.

Superego

The moral and ethical component of personality that internalizes societal standards, values, and ideals, serving as the conscience and enforcing moral judgments and standards of behavior.

Unconscious

A reservoir of thoughts, feelings, memories, and desires that are not consciously accessible to awareness but may influence behavior, emotions, and perceptions.