Modern history 10.5 The Scientific Revolution

Heliocentric Theory

The theory proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus that the sun is the center of the universe and the planets revolve around it.

Scientific method

caused the Scientific Revolution in the early-1600s, the main point of this movement was the idea that mathematical equations converted observations and experiments into scientific laws

Tycho Brahe

Danish astronomer provide evidence that supported Copernicus, sun-centered, theory; Using the sky and stars to prove the idea

Johannes Kepler

A German astronomer and mathematician who used Tycho Brahe's data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun, providing further support for Copernicus' heliocentric view.

Galileo

An Italian scientist who built a telescope and observed that four moons of Jupiter moved around the planet, contradicting the ancient views and causing controversy with the Church.

Observation and experimentation

The new approach to science that emerged during the Scientific Revolution, emphasizing the importance of making observations and conducting experiments to gain knowledge and understanding.

Francis Bacon

An English philosopher, statesman, and lawyer who promoted rational thought and experimentation as a means to improve people's lives through practical technologies. Emphasis on Experiment and observe

René Descartes

A French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who abandoned traditional methods and promoted a new science based on observation and experiments, earning him the title of the "father of modern philosophy." Emphasis on Reasoning

Andreas Vesalius

A Belgian anatomist who published "On the Structure of the Human Body," the first accurate and detailed study of human anatomy, correcting errors inherited from ancient authorities.

Ambroise Paré

A French surgeon who developed new methods for preventing infection and sealing wounds after surgery, as well as advancements in the use of artificial limbs and scientific instruments.

William Harvey

An English scholar who described blood circulation for the first time, showing how the heart functions as a pump to force blood through veins and arteries.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A Dutch scientist who perfected the single-lens microscope and became the first human to observe cells and microorganisms, founding the field of microbiology.

Alchemy

The precursor to modern chemistry, alchemists believed in the transformation of substances and attempted to turn ordinary metals into gold.

Robert Boyle

An Irish scientist whose work with pressurized air led to the development of Boyle's law, describing the relationship between pressure and volume of gas and contributing to the understanding of the composition of matter.

Isaac Newton

A British scientist who made significant contributions to physics and mathematics, including the laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation; Issac invented caculus; Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy