Modern history 10.5 The Scientific Revolution

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The Scientific Revolution

Heliocentric Theory: Ptomlemy had taught that earth was the center of the universe and the sun and stars revolved around it.

Scientific method: caused the Scientific Revolution in the mid-1500s, the main point of this movement was the idea that mathematical laws governed nature and the universe.

Nicolaus Copernicus(1543)

  • proposed a heliocentric (sun-centered, solar system model)
  • Experts rejected this theory because this contradicted the Church and Ptolemy teachings.

Tycho Brahe(late 1500s)

  • Danish astronomer provide evidence that supported Copernicus, sun-centered, theory
  • Observed they sky accumulating data abt the movement of the bodies

Johannes Kepler

  • German astronomer and mathematician
  • Used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun
  • Calculation supported Copernicus heliocentric view.

Galileo

  • build a telescope and saw that four moons of Jupiter moved slowly around that planet
  • He’s finding causes a chaos, other scholars go after him because his observations contradicted the ancient views
  • Church put him in house arrest bc his ideas are going against christian teaching

Observation and experimentation: is the reason that a new approach to science had emerged

Reasoning to propose a logical hypothesis: known as the scientific method/ revolution in thought

Francis Bacon(1561-1626)

  • One of the two giants of scientific revolution
  • English philosopher, statesman, and lawyer
  • V talented
  • Promoted rational thought
  • Held in high regard by the philosophers and scientists in Europe and England.

René Descartes(1596-1650)

  • One of the two giant of scientific revolution
  • French philosopher, mathematics, and scientist
  • One of the first to abandon traditional method and thought based on Aristotle’s teaching
  • Promoted a new science based on observation and experiments, so he’s the “father of modern philosophy”.

Francis Bacon and René Descartes

  • Truth is not known at the beginning of the inquiry, after a long investigation process.
  • Devoted to understand how truth is determined but in different approaches.
  • Bacon- stressed experimentation and observation, wants science to improve ppl’s lives by leading to practical technologies.
  • Descantes- focused on reasoning, Discourses on Method explains how he decided to discard all traditional authorities and search for provable knowledge.
    • Conclude that doubt was the only thing he coils not questioning and that in order to doubt, he had to exist as a rational, thinking being.
    • “I think, therefore I am”

Ganen

  • the work that people relied on, a greek physician
  • Many errors and had limited knowledge of human anatomy

Andreas Vesalius(1543)

  • published On the Structure of the Human Body
  • First accurate and detailed study of human anatomy
  • Corrected errors inherited from ancient classical authorities

Ambroise Paré

  • Developed a new, more effective ointment for preventing infection and better ways to seal wounds after surgery
  • Start use to artificial limbs and invented scientific instruments

William Harvey(1600s)

  • An english scholar describing blood circulation for the first time.
  • Showed how heart serves as a pump to force blood through veins and arteries

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

  • Perfected the single-lens microscope(late 1600s)
  • Used to examine tiny objects such as lice or mouths of bees
  • The first human to see cells and microorganisms(bacteria)
  • Founder of microbiology

Alchemy= chemistry

Alchemists believed that one substance could be transformed into another substance and tried to turn ordinary metals into gold.

Robert Boyle(1627-1691)

  • His work with pressurized air led to the development of Boyle’s law which describes the relationship between pressure and volume of gas.
  • All matter was composed of tiny particles that behave in knowable ways
  • He’s work opened the way to modern chemical analysis of the composition of all matter

Isaac Newton()