Field experiments
Quantitive
“In the real world”
Cannot control for extraneous variables and cannot be easily replicated
Ethics: often not practical to get informed consent, no debriefing (usually)
Quasi and natural experiments
Quantitive
Grouped based on traits or behaviour
do not show direct causation, but they are able to imply a causal relationship between an IV and a DV
Lab experiment
Quantitive
Control for extraneous variables
Can have low ecological validity
Natural experiment
Similar to quasi
Refers to an IV that is environmental and outside of the control of the researcher
Pre-test, post-test design
Do not show direct causation, but they are able to imply a causal relationship between an IV and a DV
True experiment
IV is manipulated and a DV is measured under controlled conditions
Participants are randomly allocated to conditions
Extraneous variables
Undesirable variables that influence the relationship between the IV and DV
Demand characteristics
When participants act differently because they know that they are in a study
May try to guess the aims of the study and act accordingly
Researcher bias
When the experimenter sees what they are looking for
The expectations of the researcher consciously or unconsciously affect the findings of the study
Double-blind control
Avoid researcher bias
Participants do not know whether they are in the experimental or control group
Scientist carrying out the experiment does’t know the aim of the study, nor which group is the treatment and which one is the control group
Participant variability
The range of differences among individuals in a study, including demographics, experience, and behavior
Artificiality
When the situation created is so unlikely to occur that one has to wonder if there is any validity in the findings
Positive correlation
When both variables are affected in the same way
As x increases, y increases
Negative correlation
As one variable increases, the other decreases
Bidirectional ambiguity
When it is unclear whether variable A causes variable B or vice versa, making it difficult to determine the direction of causality