AP Psychology 2.8 Intelligence and Achievement

General Intelligence (g)

believing intelligence to be single overarching ability measured by an IQ test

Multiple Abilities

believing intelligence is composed of multiple distinct abilities

ex: verbal, spatial, musical, linguistic, bodily-kinesthetic, intra- and inter- personal, naturalistic, and mathematical intelligence

Lewin Terman

American psychologist, academic, + proponent of eugenics who was noted as pioneer in educational psychology in the early 20th century at the Stanford School of Education

Stanford-Binet Test

adapted Binet Test for U.S. use which shaped modern intelligence measurement

Gifted Children Studies

studies of gifted children–had above-average emotional stability and social satisfaction in adulthood, challenging stereotypes that gifted individuals face greater psychological or social difficulties

Mental Age

mental performance of a child compared to average children of their actual age (can’t be used with adults)

IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

historically calculated by dividing “mental age” by chronological age and multiplying by 100

Standardization

psychometric principle ensuring that test is administered under consistent conditions, using uniform procedures; scores are, ideally, compared to a pretested sample population

Validity

psychometric principle that states test is valid and meaningful if it measures what it’s designed to measure

Construct Validity

when test accurately measures theoretical construct it’s supposed to

Predictive Validity

when test accurately predicts future performance or outcomes

Reliability

psychometric principle that states test is reliable if it produces consistent results across multiple administrations, to give dependable, trustworthy results

Test-Retest Reliability

to produce similar scores when taken by same person at different times

Split-Half Reliability

when test is divided into two parts, and scores from both halves are consistent

Alternative Form

when varying versions of the test are given and results are compared

Flynn Effect

worldwide increase in average IQ scores over time due to societal improvements in nutrition, education, etc.

Within-Group vs. Between Group

IQ scores tend to vary more within groups than between different groups

Systemic Biases

factors such as poverty, discrimination, and educational inequality can negatively influence intelligence scores

Access Limitations

systemic use of IQ scores where IQ scores have been used to limit access to jobs, military ranks, schools, and even immigration

Achievement Tests

test that measure what a person has learned

Aptitude Tests

test that predicts future performance or ability to learn

Fixed Mindset

to believe intelligence is static and unchangeable

Growth Mindset

to believe intelligence can grow through effort and experience