Chapter 1 - Intro to Psychology

Correlational Research Method

________- establishes a relationship between variables without observer intervention.

Critical thinking

________ is systematically evaluating information and reaching conclusions based on evidence.

George Miller

________: learned that understanding mental functions was important for understanding behavior=> resulted in Cognitive Neuroscience in 1990.

Institutional Review Board

The purpose of the ________ (IRB) is to make sure research meets the accepted standards of sciences and provides the emotional and physical well- being of the participants.

Confidentiality

________- info on the participants is kept secret, only shared with the examiners who need to know.

Experimental Research Method

________- examines how variable manipulation affects another variable.

Psychoanalytic

________- Discusses the idea that our thoughts and actions are influenced by unconscious forces.

Errors

________ can occur due to observer bias and an observers presence can alter the behavior being witnessed, and reactivity.

Disadvantages

________- altering something other than the independent variable (confound) can affect the dependent variable (measured) leading to inaccurate conclusions.

John B Watson

________: believed instead of looking in the mind, you should look at the stimuli that produce those behavior.

Self Reports

________- asking questions to research participants.

Observational Studies

________- Involves observing and classifying behavior with or without the intervention of the observer.

Surveys

________ can be handed out among a large number of people to gather more data efficiently.

risk benefit ratio

The ________ is analysis determining whether the research is worth placing someone in discomfort.

Psychology

________- the scientific study of the mind and brain.

Descriptive Method

________- provides systematic and objective of what is occurring.

Advantages

________- provide control over the independent variable (manipulated), so it can demonstrate causality, no directionality problem.

Privacy

________- it is ethical to observe people without their knowledge if they are in the public.

private behaviors

It is not ethical to observe someones ________ without their knowledge.

Case Study

________- intensive examination of a person (s) or an organization (s)

Protection

________ From Harm- researchers cant ask patients to endure an unreasonable amount of discomfort.

Humanistic

________- Also known as positive psychology, investigates how people become happier and live up to their full potential.

Behaviorism

________- Discusses how environmental factors affect behavior.

Cognitive

________- Investigates mental factors such as thinking, learning, and remembering.

Random Assignment

________- placing research participants into the conditions of an experiment in a way that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any group.

Disadvantages

________- can not demonstrate a causal relationship (cause and effect)

psychology

It is important in ________ because it enables one to analyze, evaluate, and restructure thinking, thereby decreasing the risk of acting on or thinking with a false premise.

Psychology

the scientific study of the mind and brain

Psychoanalytic

Discusses the idea that our thoughts and actions are influenced by unconscious forces

Sigmund Freud

worked w/ nervous system disorders

Cognitive

Investigates mental factors such as thinking, learning, and remembering

George Miller

learned that understanding mental functions was important for understanding behavior => resulted in Cognitive Neuroscience in 1990

Humanistic

Also known as positive psychology, investigates how people become happier and live up to their full potential

Carl Rogers

believed because humans are free to do whatever makes them happy, why not just study that

Behaviorism

Discusses how environmental factors affect behavior

John B. Watson

believed instead of looking in the mind, you should look at the stimuli that produce those behavior

Theory vs. Hypothesis

a theory is a principle developed to explain a phenomenon that already has supporting data

Descriptive Method

provides systematic and objective of what is occurring

Case Study

intensive examination of a person(s) or an organization(s)

Self-Reports

asking questions to research participants

Observational Studies

Involves observing and classifying behavior with or without the intervention of the observer

Correlational Research Method

establishes a relationship between variables without observer intervention

Advantages

relies on naturally occurring relationships, keeping it as real as possible

Disadvantages

cannot demonstrate a causal relationship (cause and effect)

Experimental Research Method

examines how variable manipulation affects another variable

Advantages

provide control over the independent variable (manipulated), so it can demonstrate causality, no directionality problem

Disadvantages

altering something other than the independent variable (confound) can affect the dependent variable (measured) leading to inaccurate conclusions

Independent Variable

The variable being manipulated to affect the dependent variable

Dependent Variable

The variable being measured to determine how it was affected by the manipulation of the independent variable

Random Assignment

placing research participants into the conditions of an experiment in a way that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any group

Experimental Group

the group that receives the manipulation of the independent variable

Control Group

a comparison group that doesnt receive any manipulation

Privacy

it is ethical to observe people without their knowledge if they are in the public

Confidentiality

info on the participants is kept secret, only shared with the examiners who need to know

Informed Consent

People must be told about the research and they can choose whether they want to participate or not

Protection From Harm

researchers cant ask patients to endure an unreasonable amount of discomfort