CH 15 - the cardiovascular system

veins

For a person at rest, most blood is in the ___

skeletal

Another word for STRIATED muscle is ____ muscle

voluntary, somatic

Striated muscle control ____ movement by the ____ nervous system

striated 

____ muscle:

large, long unbranched skeletal cylinders, peripherally located nuclei

agglomerated

involuntary, autonomic

Smooth muscle control ____ movement by the ____ nervous system

left ventricle

Which heart chamber pumps blood to the systemic circulation and has the greatest muscle mass?

cardiac

_____ muscle

• has 1 -2 nuclei

• has striations

• connected by gap junctions

• self paced, there’s no muscle that causes it to contract

right atrium

Venous blood enters the heart at the ___ ____ 

left atrium

Blood returning to the heart from the lungs enters the ___ ____ 

1

when valves function normally, there’s ___ way flow from the atria to the ventricles.

small

___ changes in the diameter of a blood vessel can cause big changes in blood flow

systole

when the heart is contracting

diastole

When heart is relaxed

highest

systolic BP is the ___ BP

lowest

diastolic BP is the ___ BP

diastole

Most of the time, the cardiac cycle is spent in the ____ stage

diastolic BP + (1/3( systolic BP - diastolic BP ) )

MAP formula

arteries, feed arteries, arterioles, metarterioles, resistance vessels

Blood Flow:

• starts in the ____

• When it gets to the tissues, in branches of into ___ ____

• These branch again into ____, the smallest ones are _____

capillaries

____ are the smallest blood vessels

resistance vesseles

The feed arteries and the arterioles of all sizes are “____ ____ ” that function to determine blood flow by dilation or constriction. 

dilate

These resistance vessels ____ in skeletal muscle during exercise

precapillary sphincter, venules

Blood flow to capillaries is controlled by a ______ ____ that might shut off blood flow to some capillaries until metabolic signals cause them to open. 

• After blood flows through capillaries, it collects in small veins (___) which in turn feed larger veins

systolic

As pressure is on a pressure cuff slowly released, sound of blood flow can be heard at the point of ____ blood pressure. 

driving, lactate, H+, CO2

2 factors trigger precapillary sphincter relaxation to OPEN more capillaries and thus increase total blood flow:

• ___ force from INC local blood pressure

• Local metabolites (e.g., ___ , ___ , ___ ) produced in physical activity

inc, dilation, inc, dec

Blood flow to skeletal muscle ___during exercise, regulated by ___ of resistance vessels but also the ___ in cardiac output and ___ in blood flow to the gut, kidney, and nonworking muscle.

Capillaries

The ____ have the greatest total cross-sectional area

aorta

BP is highest in the ____

capillaries

Blood velocity is LOWEST in the ___

dec

Blood flow velocity ___ when the total cross sectional area of the vessels its in INC

rhythmic contraction, blood

What’s the muscle pump?

• Action of ___ ____ to push ____ through the veins

respiratory pump

every breath you take squeezes down on veins and moves blood back to the heart

inc

prevalence of HTN ___ w/ age

normal

120 / 80 BP is ___

thicker, dec

HTN causes remodeling of the vasculature so that things get ___ and the diameter for blood flow ___

left

HTN leads causes the ___ side of the heart to pump more forcefully, causing it to become ENLARGED

diruretics, aldosterone, renin, angiotensin Ca2+, alpha, beta, Vasodilators

Pharmacologic treatment for hypertension:

• ______ and ______ antagonists ( reduce fluid retention)

• ____ inhibitors and _____ receptor blocker ( prevent vasoconstriction)

• ___ channel blockers

• ____ and ____ blockers ( prevent epinephrine and norepinephrine which cause vasoconstriction )

• _____ ( ex: Nitric Oxide donors)

• Centrally-acting agents that prevent neural signaling for increased heart rate and vasoconstriction

lose

diuretics cause you to ____ body fluid in your urine. This makes blood pressure go DOWN

vasoconstriction

the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels

inc

resistance exercise ___ blood pressure

C

Blood pressure is increased most during

A.Aerobic exercise

B.Lifting light weights

C.Lifting heavy weights

upper

Blood pressure is increased more during work by the ____ body

coronary

the cardiac cells get their blood supply (and oxygen, nutrients) from capillaries fed by the _____ arteries. 

doesn’t

In humans, the blood in the chambers of the heart ( does / doesn’t ) supply oxygen or nutrients to the cardiac cells

plaque, thrombus

Risk factors for blockage of coronary arteries are ___ and ___

lactate

If ___ is available, heart will preferentially oxidize it instead of other substrates

low, fatty acids

During rest, there is ___ lactate, so the heart uses ____ ____ the most

glycogen

During moderate exercise, the heart uses ______ the most

lactate

During intense exercise, the heart uses ______ the most