Earth Science 1

I DON'T WANNA LOCK IN ANYMORE GOD BLESS

Biblical Cosmology

Biblical Cosmology

It states that the creation of the universe happened in six days as recorded in the book of Genesis.

Mormon Cosmology

It states that there was a pre-existing or pre-mortal life.

Buddhist Cosmology

The existence of the universe is dependent upon the action or karma of its inhabitants.

Islamic Cosmology

It emphasizes the creation of the universe by a divine being called Allah.

Hindu Cosmology

It believes that creation is timeless, There is no beginning, yet the universe is created, destroyed, and restored in a cycle.

Steady State Theory

This theory proposed by Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, and Hermann Bondi in 1948 states that the universe is unchanging in time and is uniform in space. The density of matter remains unchanged due to the continuous creation of matter. This theory has been debunked AMEN

Big Bang Theory

According to this theory proposed by Georges Lemaitre in 1927, There was a rapid expansion from a compact point called a singularity about 13.7 billion years ago.

Inflation Theory

Proposed by Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Paul Steinhart, and Andy Albrecht in 1980, This theory supported the Big Bang Theory as it stated a period of exponential expansion of the universe, estimated to happen before the Big Bang Theory.

String Theory

The assembly of the point-like particles often used in particle physics is replaced by fundamental building blocks referred to as strings, which are free to vibrate at different modes.

M-Theory

In this theory proposed by Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow, the universe’s origin occurred due to the contact of two hyperdimensional branes.

Vortex Theory

Proposed by Rene Descartes in 1644, This theory claims that the Solar System formed into bodies with nearly circular orbits because of the whirlpool-like motion of the pre-solar materials.

Collision Theory

Proposed by George Louis Leclerc Buffon, This theory claims that the planets were formed by the collision of the sun with a giant comet.

Tidal Theory

This theory, proposed by James Hopwood Jeans and Harold Jefferys, states that the planets were formed from substance that was torn out of the sun as a result of gravitational attraction.

Nebular Hypothesis

Proposed by Immanuel Kant and Pierre Simon Laplace, this theory explains that a great cloud of gas and dust called nebula collapsed because of gravitational pull.

Solar Nebular Model

This incorporates the components of the nebular hypothesis and solves the problems surrounding Kant and Laplace’s theory. It states that the solar system was formed around 4.55 Ga when interstellar materials in a spiral arm of the Milky Way underwent several stages: Collapse of Clouds, Formation of planetesimals and protoplanets, and formation of the planets.

Petrology

It is the study of rock formation.

Stratigraphy

It is the study of rock layers.

Paleontology

This refers to the study of fossils.

Relative Dating

This process places events or rocks in their chronological sequence or order of occurrence without knowing their actual age.

Principle of original horizontality

Sedimentary rocks are deposited as horizontal or nearly horizontal layers.

Principle of superposition

The layer at the bottom of the sequence is the oldest, and the successively higher levels are successively younger.

Principle of cross-cutting relationship

Geologic features such as faults or igneous intrusions are younger than the rocks they cut across.

Principle of inclusion

If rocks or rock fragments are included within another rock layer, the rock fragments must be older than the rock layer they were embedded in.

Unconformity

It is a surface that corresponds with a gap in sedimentation resulting from nondeposition or erosion.

Angular unconformity

The rocks below the unconformity are tilted, while the rocks above are parallel.

Disconformity

The beds above and below the surface are parallel.

Nonconformity

Intrusive igneous or metamorphic rocks are overlain by sedimentary rocks.

Absolute Dating

This process places the actual ages of rocks and events.

Half-life

This is the time required for half of the nuclei to undergo radioactive decay.

Radioactive Decay

This refers to the process in which unstable atoms emit energetic particles and gamma rays that heat the surrounding rock.

Radiometric Dating

It is the process that gives the numeric date when an event occurred.

Carbon 14

This is the isotope used to measure the age of prehistoric plants and animals.

Isotopes

It refers to atoms with the same amount of protons but different neutrons.

Fossils

These are remnants or traces of an organism.

Index Fossils

It is a type of fossil that can show the time span of ancient life forms.

True Form Fossils

These are formed when the entire animal or planet is trapped and preserved in ice, tar, or other materials that prevent decay.

Mold Fossils

These are hollow impressions of a living thing in a rock.

Cast fossils

These are formed when mold fossils are filled with a mineral that hardens, forming a replica of the original fossil.

Trace fossils

These are impressions on rocks that show certain animal activities (e.g. movement)

Geologic Time Scale

This is the formal subdivision of Earth Time

Inner core

This consists mainly of iron-nickel alloy and is believed to be magnetic, and is mostly solid.

Outer core

It is made mostly of iron and nickel, and is in liquid state.

Mantle

It takes up the largest portion of Earth and is made up of molten rocks called magma.

Lower Mantle

This subdivision of the mantle consists of soft rocks, is very hot, and exhibits plasticity.

Upper Mantle

This consists of harder rocks, and is malleable.

Gutenberg discontinuity

Named after Beno Gutenberg, this discontinuity is detected between the lower mantle and outer core as observed by changes in the seismic waves.

Mohorovicic discontinuity

It is the upper boundary that separates the upper mantle from the crust.

Asthenosphere

Also known as the weak sphere (parang ako lang, mahina GOD BLESS), it is the layer that lies after the lithosphere.

Crust

This is the outermost layer.

Oceanic Crust

It underlies all oceanic basins, is thin-layered and is composed of dense iron magnesium silicate igneous rock.

Continental Crust

It underlies all continent areas, is thick-layered, and is composed of less dense sodium potassium aluminum silicate.

Age of star

The star must be at least 3 Ga old to give life ample time to evolve.

Goldilocks zone

Also referred to as habitable zone, It is a shell-shaped zone surrounding a star where the temperature is just right that it could maintain liquid water on its surface.

Metallicity

This is the presence of heavier elements (metals) that the star contains.

Stellar variation

This refers to the fluctuation in a star’s luminosity

Distance from a star

The planet must be at a comfortable distance from a star.

Terrestrial

A planet’s mass must be large enough to retain the atmosphere and have a molten core that serves as a heat engine driving the geological processes.

Eccentricity

It refers to a ratio describing the shape of the elliptical orbit. The greater it is, the greater the temperature fluctuation.

Axial tilt

If the tilt is great, the surface temperature difference would be too great to sustain diverse forms of life.

Rotation

If the rotation of a planet is too short, the atmospheric wind velocities would be too great for life.

Geochemistry

The planets should have elements most vital to life.

Geosphere

It refers to all land inside and outside of Earth, from the crust to the core.

Lithosphere

This refers to the solid outer section of the Earth.

Plates

These are layers of rigid, solid rock that are moving.

Continents

These are large, continuous, discrete masses of land separated by vast expanses of water.

Atmosphere

It refers to the air. This subsystem maintains temperature and blocks radiation.

Troposphere

It is the lowest layer of the atmosphere, closest to the planet. Different weather clouds can be found here.

Stratosphere

This is the second lowest layer of the Earth’s atmosphere, situated above the Troposphere. Here, the Ozone layer is present, blocking out ultraviolet rays.

Mesosphere

Occupying the region above the stratosphere, this is the coldest layer and it blocks out meteorites.

Thermosphere

It is the layer above the Mesosphere and consists of ionized gas. Auroras can be found here.

Auroras

This refers to colorful displays of light and can be classed into Borealis and Australis depending on its location.

Exosphere

This is the outermost layer of Earth’s atmosphere and orbiting satellites can be found here.

Hydrosphere

This refers to the water of the Earth.

Biosphere

It encompasses all forms of life.

Ecosystem

It is the interaction between living and nonliving things in a defined region.

Biomes

These are large ecosystems classified according to the predominant vegetation characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment

Aquatic biomes

These include freshwater and marine biomes, and they house numerous species of plants and animals.

Forest biomes

These include tropical, temperate, and taiga. They each have distinctive features dominated by trees and woody vegetation.

Grassland biomes

They are characterized by the dominance of grass rather than large shrubs of trees.

Desert biomes

These are characterized by low rainfall, and they have specialized vegetation as well as specialized animals that can adapt to its condition.

Tundra biomes

These are the coldest of all biomes, have low biotic diversity and simple vegetation structure.