gender

messerschmidt

stereotypical masculine identity

hegemonic masculinity has certain key values that men need to accomplish to be seen as a real man

some men struggle to move from childhood to adulthood because these hegemonic values are difficult to achieve and show

men turn to deviant behaviour

class element-middle class men can demonstrate these values through educational success or a high status job

haenfler

online subcultures.- nerd masculinity

online role playing games are largely dominated by young men pursuing status and reward through competition and effort

don’t have to excel in sports and aggression to be successful

disputes messerschmidt idea

batchelor

research into violent behaviour amongst girls in Scotland in the late 1990s.

no evidence of girl gangs at all, shows they’re overwhelmingly male focussed

archer

“the street” is more exciting and accessible to working class boys than school.

links to status frustration and looking for validation and status outside the classroom

mirza

found girls to be less rebellious

young black women in two comprehensive schools in south London

they did not rebel against the system despite being marginalised by some teachers.

pro school subculture, girls joined together to succeed academically

pollock

women may be involved in deviant behaviour that we are not aware of

‘chivalry thesis’

police are more lenient towards women, more likely to get told off than cautioned, cautioned than charged.

study suggests that woman are more deviant than we realise

cieslik and pollack

secret online subculture where females were promoting anorexia

posting photos of themselves and encouraging others to eat less

virtual subculture have emerged and they demonstrate how women may form more secretive groupings than men

harding

girls in gangs use social skills to create a role

they become fixers in gangs where they hold weapons and drugs and trading information with rival gangs

boys see these jobs as ‘girls business’

jackson

ladettes

criminal behaviour by young women has increased, perhaps because of women’s liberation and the movement away from parental control

ladettes we’re loud, challenging, badly behaved and assertive - just like male subcultures

female pupils are becoming as rebellious as the boys, being sexually proactive, messing about, playing up in lessons, shouting out and being crude.