State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century

Flashcards about Russia, Sweden and the Ottoman Empire and their expansion in the 17th century.

Peter the Great

Russia expanded its territory and modernized under his rule, building up the military and instituting administrative and tax reforms.

Saint Petersburg

Territory won by Russia on the Baltic from Sweden, providing Russia with a port.

Great Northern States

The Baltic Sea's importance increased due to its role as an economic route for products of Eastern Europe and the West.

Denmark and Sweden

Despite a common Lutheran religion, these countries maintained an almost constant rivalry due to territorial ambitions in Northern Europe during the 17th century.

Bloodless revolution

A constitutional crisis occurred when Danish military losses led to this in 1660, curtailing the power of the nobility and reestablishing a hereditary monarchy.

Gustavus Adolphus

King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632, adopted a new policy, persuaded by his chief minister Axel Oksutienna, in which the nobility formed a first estate, occupying the bureaucratic positions and expanded central government.

Charles XI of Sweden

Took control of crown lands and revenues from the nobility, built up a bureaucracy, subdued the Rickstag and church, improved the army and navy, established an absolute monarchy.

Charles XII of Sweden

Was primarily interested in military affairs and lost much of Sweden's northern empire to Russia.

Ottoman Empire

Expanded into the Balkans and Eastern Europe, but lost its European territory by 1699.

Constantinople

The Ottoman Turks tried to complete their conquest of the Balkans after conquering this city in 1453.

Janissaries

A well-organized military corps of Christian boys taken from their parents, converted to Islam, and rigorously trained to be personally loyal to the Sultan.

Limits of Absolutism

Traditional view of absolute monarchs being challenged by historical studies of local institutions.

Local Institutions

Recognized the power of local courts, tax collectors, and organizers of armed forces to affect people's lives.

Polish Diet

Two chambers in which landowners dominated; acceptance of the Liberium veto in 1652 led to governmental chaos.

Liberium veto

The meetings of this could be stopped by a single dissenting member reduced government to virtual kiosk.

The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic

Led the United Provinces held center stage as one of Europe's great powers.

Stadtholder

An official in each province responsible for leading the army and maintaining order in the United Provinces.

Amsterdam

Replaced Antwerp as the financial and commercial capital of Europe by the beginning of the 17th century.

Flint

A shallow draft ship of large capacity.

Amsterdam

Was the principal supplier of military goods in Europe by 1700.

Financial center

Trading profits provided large quantities of capital for investment.

King James I

King of Scotland who became the James I of England, espoused the divine right of kings which created conflict with the parliament.

Puritans

Inspired by Calvinist theology, wanted to eliminate the episcopal system of church organizations used in the Church of England

Petition of Right

Document passed by Parliament in 1628, which Charles I was supposed to accept before being granted tax revenues, prohibiting taxation without Parliament's consent and arbitrary imprisonment.

Ship money

Tax levied on seacoast towns to pay for coastal defense, which Charles I collected annually throughout England to finance government operations.

Henrietta Maria

The religious sister of King Louis XIII of France, marriage to Charles I aroused suspicions about the king's own religious inclinations.

Long Parliament

The name of the parliament who took aggressive action against Charles I, placing severe limitations on royal authority, abolishing arbitrary courts and taxes the king had collected without parliament's consent.

New Model Army

An army created by the Parliament, composed primarily of more extreme Puritans known as the Independents, believed that they were doing battle for the Lord.

The Revolution

Parliament was purged, leaving a rump parliament of 53 members of the House of Commons who tried and condemned the king on a charge of treason.

Levelers

Advocated for freedom of speech, religious toleration, a democratic republic, right to vote for all male householders, annual parliaments, women's equality, and government programs to care for the poor.

Instrument of Government

England's only written constitution.

Oliver Cromwell

Lord Protector of England.

Declaration of Indulgence

Document issued by Charles II in 1672, suspending laws Parliament had passed against Catholics and Puritans.

Test Act of 1673

Specifying that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices.

Exclusion Bill

Bill that would have barred James from the throne as a professed Catholic, leading to the creation of the Whigs and Tories.

James II

Openly Catholic, attempted to further Catholic interests, leading to conflict with Parliament.

William of Orange

Invited by English noblemen to invade England, leading to the flight of James II and the establishment of William and Mary as monarchs.

Bill of Rights

Confirmed William and Mary as monarchs and affirmed Parliament's right to make laws, levy taxes, and raise armies.

Toleration Act of 1689

Granted Puritan dissenters the right of free public worship, though Catholics were still excluded.

Thomas Hobbes

Argued that in the state of nature, human life was solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short, advocating for absolute authority to maintain order.

John Locke

Argued for natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and the right of the people to form a new government if the existing one failed to protect those rights.

Mannerism

Deliberate attempt to break down the High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation.

El Greco

Painter from Crete who moved to Spain and created elongated and distorted figures with unusual shades of yellow and green.

Baroque period

Began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, integrating classical ideals with spiritual feelings, known for its use of dramatic effects and grandeur.

Peter Paul Rubens

Flemish master known for his artistic masterpieces with bodies in violent motion, heavy fleshed nudes, and a dramatic use of light and shadow.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Italian architect and sculptor who designed the Piazza at Vatican and interior of Saint Peter's, known for his action, exuberance, and dramatic effects.

Artemisia Gentulisci

Known for Judith Beheading Halophonnes

French Classicism

Rejected the Baroque style as overly showy, emphasized clarity, simplicity, balance, and harmony of design.

Dutch Painting

Dutch painters were primarily interested in the realistic portrayal of secular everyday life.

Judith Lester

A female member of the painting guild of Saint Luke in Harlem, painted scenes of everyday Dutch life.

Rembrandt van Rinne

Dutch painter known for Realistic portraits, mostly of biblical tales.

Elizabethan era

Greatest age of English literature during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I exhibiting exuberance and pride associated with England's international exploits.

William Shakespeare

A complete man of the theater who wrote plays, acted, and as a shareholder in the Lord Chamberlain's Company, known as a universal genius.

Lope de Vega

Spanish playwright set the agenda for playwrights. Claiming that the foremost duty of the playwright was to satisfy public demand.

French drama

French playwrights wrote more for an elite audience and demanded royal patronage, cultivating a style that emphasized the clever polished, and correct.

Moliere

French playwright wrote, produced, and acted in series of comedies that often satirized the religious and and social world world of his time.