Oxygenation Part I Review: Key Concepts and Management

These flashcards cover the key concepts related to oxygenation and management of thoracic injuries discussed in the lecture notes, preparing students for examination on this critical topic.

What are the types of chest trauma associated with high mortality rates?

Blunt trauma (non-penetrating) and penetrating trauma (stab/gunshot wounds).

What is a pulmonary contusion?

Bruising of a lung associated with intra-alveolar hemorrhage and interstitial edema leading to reduced pulmonary compliance and impaired gas exchange.

What is the key characteristic of flail chest?

Fracture of two or more ribs resulting in paradoxical movement of the chest wall during breathing.

What is the primary management for a pneumothorax?

The insertion of a chest tube and the use of a Heimlich valve in case of open pneumothorax.

What are the signs of a tension pneumothorax?

Asymmetry of the thorax, tracheal deviation, tachypnea, hypotension, and absent breath sounds on the affected side.

What manifestations are associated with hemothorax?

Hypotension, dullness to percussion on the affected side, and diminished or absent breath sounds.

What is the main goal when managing pulmonary empyema?

To achieve lung re-expansion and resolution of effective breathing.

What are the primary indications for intubation in acute respiratory failure?

To establish airway and assist in the removal of secretions.

How is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) characterized?

By acute-onset noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and hypoxemia requiring mechanical ventilation.

What does the Berlin criteria specify in diagnosing ARDS?

Timing of onset, origin of respiratory failure, imaging features, and blood oxygenation levels.

What should be done for a patient experiencing tracheostomy dislodgement within the first 72 hours?

This is an emergency; replace the tracheostomy tube of the same type or size.

What are the components of chest drain management assessment?

Check tube positioning, output, tidaling, and presence of air leak.

What are the major complications associated with mechanical ventilation?

Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP), barotrauma, oxygen toxicity, and psychological distress.

What is the nursing management priority for a patient with a tracheostomy?

Preventing complications such as infection, tissue damage, and ensuring proper cuff management.

What are the common signs of acute cardiac tamponade?

Beck’s triad: hypotension, jugular venous distention, and muffled heart sounds.

What is the treatment for acute cardiac tamponade?

Pericardiocentesis for fluid removal and possible surgical repair.

What is the effect of positive pressure ventilation on thoracic injuries?

It can reduce venous return and lower cardiac output, potentially complicating patient management.