Studied by 2 people
Who was one of the decemvirs that tried to bribe the plebeians with favourable laws?
Appius Claudius Crassus
How did Romulus and Remus decide who would create and then rule their new city?
Augury
How did Romulus die?
He was taken up in a storm cloud while reviewing his troops OR he was killed by a mob of angry senators.
Where did the Albans live in Rome?
Caelian hill
What social changes did Priscus implement?
They increased the number of Vestal Virgins from four to six. He also introduced harsher punishments for Vestal Virgins who broke their vow of chastity.
When did Servius Tullius reign from?
578 - 535 BC
What religious change did Servius Tullius
They built a temple for Diana which was built with the help of other Latin cities
Who were the first two consuls of Rome?
Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus
What did Horatius Cocles do?
They bravely defended the bridge until all other Romans had crossed it and destroyed it. When the bridge had been destroyed they swam across the river in full armour.
Which out of the two consuls during the first secession hated the plebeians
Appius Claudius
Which out of the two consuls during the first secession liked the plebeians
Publius Servilius
Who was the man that argued the plebeians had caused the famine that came after the First Secession?
Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus
How many tables of laws did the first Decemvirate create?
10 tables of laws
How many more tables of laws did the people want?
2 more tables of laws
What new role was created for the plebeians after Gaius Canuleius' call for the right for plebeians to become consuls?
The role of military tribune was created, this allowed plebeians (as well as patricians) the chance to lead armies and gain the same glory as a victorious consul
Who was Romulus' and Remus' grandfather?
Numitor
Where was Numitor king of?
Alba Longa
Who was Romulus' and Remus' mother?
Rhea Silvia
Who was Romulus' and Remus' father?
Mars
Who overthrew Numitor for the power in Alba Longa?
Amulius
How was Amulius related to Numitor?
They were brothers
What did Amulius do to Rhea Silvia to stop her from having children?
He made her a Vestal Virgin
How were Romulus and Remus meant to die?
They were to be thrown into the river Tiber
What discovered and nurtured Romulus and Remus?
A she-wolf
Who looked after Romulus and Remus after the she-wolf?
Faustulus and Larentia
When Romulus and Remus were using augury, who saw what number of birds and in which order?
Remus saw six birds first and then Romulus saw twelve birds after Remus
When was Rome founded?
753 BC
What did Romulus create when he founded Rome?
Romulus created an asylum for criminals and outcasts to live in. Romulus crated safety as he built a walled city on the Palatine hill so that it would be hard for attackers to take the city. Romulus created representation, he is said to have created the patron-client relationship in Rome where 100 patriarchs would help out the rest of the city while also deciding on the laws of the city in the Senate. Romulus created the Senate where the 100 patriarchs would decide what new laws to introduce to the city. Romulus created democracy, Romulus divided the city into three tribes; each tribe was divided further into then curiae which sent representatives to the Comitia Curiata.
What is the name for Romulus' elite and loyal soldiers that acted as his body-guards?
Celeres
What temple did Romulus create?
The Temple of Jupiter
Outline the events of the Rape of the Sabines
Romulus realised that there were no women in Rome so he asked all of he neighbouring cities if they could give Rome some women, but they all refused. This meant that Romulus had to devise a cunning plan. He held a festival and invited all of the neighbouring cities and they all attended. Then on Romulus' command all of the women were stolen by the Romans and everyone else fled in fear. Titus Tatius was angry at this so he prepared for war for nine months. Then they fought and Hostius Hostilius, Rome's general, was killed so Romulus prayed to Jupiter for help. This help came in the form of the Sabine women who begged for the battle to stop, and it did. Titus Tatius became joint king of Rome with Romulus.
When did Romulus rule as a king from?
753 - 716 BC
Who was the second king of Rome?
Numa
When did Numa Pompilius reign from?
715 - 673 BC
What did Numa allegedly bring to Rome?
Civilisation and Religion
What did Numa bring to Rome?
Numa created a priesthood for Mars, Romulus, and Quirinus (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit). Numa created the flamen Dialis as the priest of Jupiter, this role would ensure that the king completed his religious duties during war. Numa crated the pontiff, a role chosen by the Senate to overlook all religious practices in Rome. Numa introduced the Vestal Virgins to Rome. Numa created a lunar calendar as well as religious holidays.
Which temple did Numa create?
The temple of Janus
Who was the third king of Rome?
Tullus Hostilius
When did Tullus Hostilius reign from?
673 - 642 BC
What did Tullus do as soon as he took the throne?
He shook Rome from 'idleness'
Who ruled Alba Longa when Tullus Hostilius was king?
Mettius
Which triplets fought for the Romans?
The Horatii triplets
Which triplets fought for the Albans?
The Curiatii triplets
What happened during the battle between the triplets?
In the beginning it seemed that the Albans would win as they managed to kill two of the Horatii triplets. Then the final Horatii started to run away to make the Curiatii separate. Then he turned around and killed the first one, then the second one, then at last he killed the last Curiatii and won the battle.
What happened to Mettius after the battle of the triplets?
Mettius did accept that he lost the battle to he made an alliance with the Etruscan cities of Veii and Fidenae. Tullus defeated the Albans and the Etruscans in battle and exposed Mettius' plan to destroy Rome. Then Tullus punished Mettius by tearing his body apart with four chariots while he was still alive.
What happened to the final Horatii brother?
He killed his sister because she was lamenting over the death of her fiancé, who was one of the Curiatii brothers. Tullus said that he should not be tried for murder but rather treason and that he should have the right to appeal. Horatius appealed and he was equitted.
What political change did Tullus make?
He increased the Senate to 200 to accommodate for the increase in population
Who was the forth king of Rome?
Ancus Marcius
When did Ancus Marcius reign from?
642 - 617 BC
How is Ancus' character described?
A mixture between Numa and Tullus
What did Ancus do for Rome?
They published Numa's teaching on oak boards. They gave the tribes the opportunity to vote on whether they should go to war. He defeated many Latin cities. They built a bridge over the Tiber to connect the city to the Janiculum. They built Rome's first port at Ostia and built salt works on the Tiber.
Who was the fifth king of Rome?
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
When did Lucius Tarquinius Priscus reign from?
616 - 578 BC
What was the name of Priscus before he came to Rome?
Lucumo
Why did Priscus (Lucumo) come to Rome from Tarquinii?
He could not stand for office in Tarquinii as he was half-Greek, but he knew that a non-Roman - Numa - was accepted in Rome so he travelled there.
Outline the events of how Priscus became king of Rome?
When Lucumo and his wife, Tanaquil, were making their way to Rome an eagle came down from the sky and took Lucumo's hat, a few minutes later the eagle came back and put the hat back on Lucumo's head. Tanaquil, an augur, read this as a sign that he would become king as the eagle was told by Jupiter to put the 'crown' back on Lucumo's head. When he arrived in Rome he quickly rose to prominence due to his wealth. He eventually became the favourite to inherit the power in Rome. One day, he told the children of Ancus to go on a hunt, on that day he became king, this made the children envious of Priscus.
What political changes did Priscus make?
Priscus increased the size of the Senate from 200 to 300 to include 'lesser families'. Priscus built the Circus Maximus, a great race track used for chariot races.
What was Priscus' military record like?
He defeated many different Latin cities soon after his ascension to the throne. He also crushed many Sabine and Etruscan cities such as Veii. He wanted to increase the number of centuries but an augur told him not to. Instead of increasing the number of centuries he just increased the number of people in each century.
Who was the sixth king of Rome?
Servius Tullius
What are the different origin stories of Servius Tullius?
One story is that he was a slave and Tanaquil heard a prophecy that he would save her family in its hour of need, so he was raised as her child and married her daughter. A different story says that he was the son of a man of the same name who was a general of Corniculum, a neighbouring city; after a war with this city Servius Tullius was raised as the son of Priscus. Another story says that he was the son of Tanaquil and she was impregnated by a divine phallus which rose from a fire.
How did Servius Tullius become king?
Tarquinius Priscus was murdered by the sons of Ancus. Tanaquil realised that Servius Tullius would not become the king in normal circumstances so she made it seem that Priscus was still alive and that Servius Tullius was just standing in for him. Eventually, the public was told that Priscus was dead but Servius Tullius had already been king for a while so he stayed king.
What were the Servian reforms?
The census, development of the equites, introduction of a new voting system, introduction of a new tribal system, creation of the Servian walls, building of the temple of Diana, tackling plebeian poverty.
How many classes were created in the census?
5, each of which were based off of wealth
What social changes did Servius Tullius introduce?
He extended the walls of Rome. These new walls were called the Servian walls.
Who was the seventh king of Rome?
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
When did Lucius Tarquinius Superbus rule from?
535 - 509
How did Superbus become king?
The Servian reforms, along with it's increasing financial and military burdens made Servius unpopular, especially among the patricians. Superbus had the support of many of the senators that his father Priscus had added, and won the support of the younger and more inexperienced ones using largesse. Livy suggests Servius' old age and his daughter encouraging Superbus to take the throne were main factors. Superbus argues that the "slave-king" did not have the vote of the people or support from the senate, but ruled based on the plotting of a woman. He then said that "the son of a king will always better a slave", before hurling him down the Senate steps where he died. (either from Tullia on a chariot or from Superbus' men)
What political changes did Superbus implement?
He made himself the man to preside over all capital crimes. He decreased the influence of the Senate until he had total control over Rome. Under this tyrrany, the plebeians were badly treated. Religious festivals were banned as he thought that groups of men could conspire to kill him if they were grouped together. He turned all plebeians into labourers to stop them from uprising, under this regime the Circus Maximus and the Cloaca Maxima were modernised, and many temples were built.
What were Superbus' military successes?
He is described as an effective diplomat and general. He created two colonies, Signia and Circeii. His son Sextus conquered the Gabii by pretending to flee from Rome and wanting to fight them, when Sextus rose to a position of power he simply killed all of the leaders of Gabii. Finally, he defeated the Volsci, which allegedly started a 200-year war with them
What religious and social changes did Superbus introduce?
He completed the Cloaca Maxima which improved sanitation in Rome. He extended the Circus Maximus. He built many temple in Rome such as one to Jupiter Optimus Maximus
Outline the events of the Rape of Lucretia
The sons of Superbus were drinking with their cousin Collatinus during the siege of Ardea, this led to a debate about the virtues of their wives. Collatinus was so confident that he would win that he convinced them all to ride back to Rome and spy on their wives. Sextus was so overcome with lust from drinking that he felt he had to have sex with Lucretia, the chaste wife of Collatinus. At first he threatened to kill Lucretia if she would not have sex with him, but she refused. Sextus did not give up and said that he would just have sex with her anyway and then kill her and kill a male slave too to make it seem as if there was an adulterous love affair. After the horrible act, Sextus left. As soon as Sextus left, Lucretia called for her father and husband, Collatinus brought a friend with him, Lucius Junius Brutus. Lucretia made a vow for revenge before killing herself. Brutus then took the knife and swore to remove the kings from Rome.
Outline the events of how the Republic was founded
Brutus had to pretend to be stupid to evade the cautious eyes of Superbus, Brutus means 'foolish'. During a trip to the Delphic Oracle with Superbus' sons, he was told that 'the first to kiss his mother would be the next king of Rome. The brothers argued about who would be the one to kiss their mother, but Brutus kissed the floored as he realised that the Earth was the mother of everyone. Using the death of Lucretia he stirred up the whole of Rome to help to remove Superbus. This meant that Superbus was exiled and Sextus returned to Gabii.
Who replaced Collatinus to become the third consul of Rome?
Publius Valerius Publicola
What happened during the battle of Silvia Arsia?
Valerius had control of the army and Brutus had control of the cavalry, Superbus and his son Arruns had control over the Etruscan forces. Arruns searched for lictors to find the consuls, and he found Brutus, both Arruns and Brutus killed each other in battle. After this loss Valerius rallied his men and routed the Etruscans. After the battle he held a great funeral for Brutus.
Who defended the bridge over the Tiber to stop the Clusian forces from entering Rome?
Horatius Cocles
What did Gaius Mucius do?
He presented a plan where he would use his knowledge of Etruscan customs to make his way into Porsena's tent and kill him. He made his way into the tent but he killed the king's secretary as they wore the same clothes and he did not know what Lars Porsena looked like. He told Porsena that he was only one of 300 who were ready and waiting to kill him. This made Porsena reach a compromise with Rome where Veii would become independent and Rome would give hostages to Clusium.
What did Cloelia do?
They escaped captivity from Lars Porsena along with many other captives. Lars Porsena loved their bravery so much that he allowed them to choose some hostages to take back to Rome with them.
What are the names of the leaders who replaced the consuls during times of war?
Dictator and master of the horse
What were the main two reasons behind the Conflict of the Orders?
Warfare and The decline of the Patron-Client relationship
Warfare: The Wars of Independence caused homelessness and indebtedness among many of the Plebeians. Many of them ended up in prison as they had to take out loans to keep their farms and businesses afloat but they could not repay them.
Patron-Client Relationship: There was no way for the plebeians to express their concerns about the situations they found themselves in. Patricians such as Appius Claudius hated the idea of reform to allow plebeians to have more power
Who were the two consuls at the start of the Conflict of the Orders?
Publius Servilius and Appius Claudius
When was the First Secession?
494 BCE
Who was the man that began the First Secession?
Lucius Sicinius
Where did the plebeians secede to in the First Secession?
The Sacred Mount
Who was the man to persuade the plebeian to stop the First Secession?
Agrippa
Which role in the Roman government was created after the First Secession?
Tribune
Who was the man that tried to become a tyrant by buying the plebeian's support with grain and land?
Spurius Cassius
Who was the man that wanted the way that tribunes were voted for to be changed?
Volero Publilius
When was the first Decemvirate created?
452 BC
How were the second Decemvirate described?
The 'Ten Tarquins'
When was the second Decemvirate created?
450 BC
What did one of the new tables of laws ban?
The intermarriage between plebeians and patricians
Who were the leaders of the faction that opposed the rule of the second Decemvirate?
Lucius Valerius Potitus and Marcus Horatius
What caused the downfall of the second Decemvirate?
The abduction of Verginia
Outline the events of the abduction of Verginia
Crassus lusted over the plebeian Verginia, but she refused as she was engaged to Lucius Icilius. When Verginia refused, Crassus sent his client, Marcus Claudius, to claim that she was a runaway slave and then put her on trial for her crime. Verginia demanded for the trial not to begin until her father, Lucius Verginius, had returned from fighting. Crassus agreed to this demand. Crassus rigged the trial so that he won and was able to take Verginia for himself. Before Crassus could take Verginia away, Verginius asked if he could talk to his daughter's nurse to check if it was his daughter. Taking the opportunity, Verginius seized a knife and killed his daughter to save her from Crassus.
When was the Second Secession?
449 BC
Where did the plebeians secede to during the Second Secession?
The Aventine hill or Sacred Mount (they are not the same, but it could be either)
Who became the consuls after the second Decemvirate?
Lucius Valerius Potitus and Marcus Horatius
Who became some of the tribunes after the second Decemvirate?
Lucius Icilius and Lucius Verginius
What were the main two laws that were introduced as a part of the Valerio-Horatian Laws?
The right to appeal was restored and strengthened, and the inviolability of tribunes and aediles was restored
Who lifted the ban on intermarriage?
Gaius Canuleius
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