PLTW- Biomed End of Course Final Review

How quickly does the body lose heat after death?

Approximately 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit per hour until it reaches surrounding environment temp

Who did the fingerprint at the crime scene belong to?

Alex Garcia

What is rigor mortis?

stiffening of the muscles after death

What is lividity?

Pooling of the blood after death

What is algor mortis?

Cooling of the body after death

What causes your muscles to become stiff after death, or rigor mortis?

The loss of ATP which lasts for about 3 hours after death

What are the 5 manner of death possibilities?

Homocide, suicide, natural, accident, or undetermined

What does a crime scene sketch include?

Sketch, key, and scale

What are antigens?

proteins found on the surface of red blood cells

What are the 8 different blood types?

A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O-

What is blood composed of?

liquid plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, antigens and antibodies

What protein is hair composed of?

Keratin

What are the 4 main fingerprints?

arch, loop, whorl, tented arch

What are minutiae?

Specific ridge marks in the fingertips

What is an arch fingerprint?

What is a loop fingerprint?

What is a whorl fingerprint?

What is a tented arch fingerprint?

Do red blood cells have DNA?

NO

What shape is DNA in?

a double helix

How many bonds do adenine and thymine need?

2 hydrogen bonds

How many bonds do Guanine and cytosine need?

3 hydrogen bonds

Which was does DNA run

negative

Which two nitrogen bases are purines

Adenine and Guanine

Which two nitrogen bases are pyrimidines

Thymine and Cytosine

Approximately how many nucleotides are in a strand of DNA?

over 3 billion

How is DNA packaged?

DNA is packaged as chromosomes, that contain numerous segments of DNA called genes

Why is HIPPA important?

it keeps our medical information safe and confidential

When should HIPPA be broken?

if it could harm the public, epidemic, child abuse, or emergency

What is acetylsalicylic acid used to treat?

Prescribed to prevent high cholesterol and diabetes

What does HIPPA stand for?

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

What kind of diabetes did Anna have?

Type 1 diabetes

What does type 1 diabetes mean?

The pancreas of a person with type 1 diabetes will no longer produce insulin

What does type 2 diabetes mean?

A person with type 2 diabetes will have damaged insulin receptor sites so they are not getting the insulin they need

What would a glucose and insulin chart of a person with type 1 diabetes look like?

What is benedicts solution used for?

Used to test for sugar/glucose, normally light blue, when heated with presence of sugars it turns green, yellow, orange or red

What is lugols iodine used for?

indicates starch (carbohydrates), normally yellow or light brown, in the presence of starch it turns dark purple or black

What is biurets solution used for?

indicates protein, normally light blue, changes to violet/purple in presence of protein

What does Chargaff's rule state?

That adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine

What is sickle cell disease?

Individuals who are homozygous for the gene controlling hemoglobin S. The disease is characterized by the destruction of red blood cells and by episodic blocking of blood vessels because of the shape of the blood cells.

How any nucleotides code for 1 amino acid?

3

What is a protein?

A chain of amino acids bonded by peptide bonds

What is the general structure of an amino acid?

How does DNA replicate?

the Helicase enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds so the DNA unzips and forms a copy

What are the steps in making a protein?

1. DNA in nucleus is unzipped by enzyme of helicase(protein)
2. Transcription: messenger RNA copies instructions from DNA and carries the code to the ribosome in the cytoplasm *code is carried in groups of 3 amino acids called a codon
3. Translation: TRNA brings the amino acids to the ribosome
4. Synthesis: proteins are put together by ribosomal RNA

What is the overall charge of DNA?

negative

How does DNA always start?

Always start with AUG or Met

What is a genetic mutation?

an inheritable change in the nucleotide sequence of an organisms DNA that ultimately serves as a source of genetic diversity

What are some causes of a genetic mutation?

-DNA fails to copy accurately
-external influences (chemicals, radiation)
*most mutations are naturally occurring

What is sickle cell disease caused by?

A point mutation on chromosome 11

The outside backbone of the DNA molecule is made of alternating molecules of what?

phosphate and sugar

When isolating DNA, what was the purpose of the detergent component of the lysis buffer solution?

to break the nuclear and cell membranes

What does the alcohol do when you are isolating DNA?

It precipitates the DNA out of the solution

What act as molecular scissors to cut DNA at specific locations?

Restriction enzymes

What does the polymerase chain reaction do?

it enables scientists to produce millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence from a small amount of DNA

What is the leading cause of death in the US?

Heart disease

What is the normal amount of blood in a human body?

5.6 liters

What forms and replaces your blood cells?

bone marrow

What is the role of blood plasma?

carries nutrients and platelets

What is the role of red blood cells?

carries oxygen to all parts of your body

What is the role of white blood cells?

they fight off infections

What is the role of platelets?

clots the blood to stop bleeding

What is the name for platelets?

thrombocytes

What is the name for red blood cells?

erythrocytes

What is the name for white blood cells?

leukocytes

What is hemoglobin?

the amount of red blood cells in the blood

What are some things that could cause a sickle cell crisis?

certain medications, high altitudes, and strenuous exercise

What are some symptoms of a sickle cell crisis?

fever, pain, weakness or fatigue, abdominal pain and swelling or headaches

When does sickle cell hemoglobin happen?

when glutamic acid is substituted with valine because of a point mutation on the 6th codon after AUG or the 7th codon of the entire beta-hemoglobin

What is insulin?

a type of protein called a hormone

What is the function of insulin?

functions to control glucose levels in the plasma, opening the cell channels

What can diabetes lead to?

-amputations
-kidney diseases
-vision loss
-billions of dollars spent

What is the normal glucose levels?

70 mg/dL - 115 mg/dL

What was Anna's glucose level?

425 mg/dL

What are some symptoms and effects of diabetes?

-frequent urination
-unusual thirst
-extreme hunger
-fatigue
-cuts/bruises slow to heal
-tingling/ numb hands or feet
-weight loss
-frequent infections

Describe type 1 diabetes:

1. stomach changes food into glucose
2. glucose enters bloodstream
3. pancreas makes little to no insulin
4. little or no insulin enters the blood
5. glucose builds up in the blood

Describe type 2 diabetes:

1. stomach changes food into glucose
2. glucose enters blood
3. pancreas makes insulin
4. insulin enters blood
5. glucose cant get into the cells of the body
6. glucose builds up in the blood

What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?

-take insulin
-carb counting
-frequent blood sugar monitoring
-healthy eating and exercise
*they need to take insulin*

What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?

-healthy eating
-exercise
-possibly medication or insulin therapy
-blood sugar monitoring
*metformin improves sensitivity of insulin receptors on body's cells*

What is a positive feedback loop, and give an example?

causes a reinforcement of the original action, so the input causes the action to increase, production of oxytocin for labor

What is a negative feedback loop, and give an example?

causes the system to stop doing the original action and to either take no action or to perform an opposite action, production of insulin to regulate glucose levels

What kind of feedback loop is the glucose insulin feedback loop?

negative feedback loop

What do alpha cells do?

produce glucagon sent to the liver

What do beta cells do?

produce insulin sent to blood and liver

What can excessive glucose in the blood result in?

reduced blood flow to hands and feet, constriction of blood vessels, necrosis, and neuropathy

What is insulin considered to be?

protein, hormone, and a signal molecule

What is the job of the glut-4 vessels?

allows glucose to pass from blood plasma into cell cytoplasm

Around 10 am and 3 pm, you become hungry because your stomach is empty. Then, your energy level drops. If you do not have access to food, how does your body get energy to keep you going until dinner?

your pancreas secretes glucagon which is transported to the liver and is used to convert glycogen back into glucose and the ATP for energy

When you tested the food in Anna's stomach from the autopsy you found her diet on the morning of her death to contain what?

glucose, carbohydrates, lipids/fats, NO PROTEINS

Describe a glucose tolerance test?

fast for 8-12 hours, have blood drawn for a baseline glucose level and every 30 minutes for 2 hours

When a person has type 1 diabetes, what is wrong with their beta cells?

their beta cells are not functioning

What is hyperglycemia?

the medical term for high blood sugar levels

What is hypoglycemia?

medical term for low blood sugar

hypotonic solution

hypertonic solution

isotonic solution

What are monomers?

small molecules which may be joined together in a repeating fashion to form more complex molecules called polymers

What are polymers?

made up of many molecules all strung together to form really long chains

How is anemia diagnosed?

a hematocrit test

What is the normal hematocrit level for females? males?

female: 35-46
male: 42-54