clinical skills group quiz 1 contents

POC ultrasound

bedside ultrasound used as a quick way to assess for pathology

phased array probe

linear probe

curvilinear probe

endocavitary probe

linear probe frequency

5-15 MHz

linear probe uses

soft tissue, MSK, peds, ocular, trachea, thyroid, thoracic, many procedures, DVT, appendicitis, testicular

linear probe depth

superficial

curvilinear probe depth

deep

curvilinear probe frequency

2-5 MHz

curvilinear probe other name

OB/belly probe

curvilinear probe uses

gallbladder, liver, eFAST, renal, aorta, IVC, bladder, bowel, OB/gyn

phased array probe depth

deep

phased array probe frequency

1-5 MHz

phased array probe other name

cardiac probe

phased array probe uses

cardiac, abdominal, eFAST, renal, bladder, bowel, IVC

endocavitary probe frequency

8-13 MHz

endocavitary probe uses

OB/gyn, peritonsillar abscess

general ultrasound indicator location

R on patient, L on screen

cardiac ultrasound indicator location

L on patient, R on screen

anechoic color

black

hypoechoic color

dark

hyperechoic color

bright

anechoic structure

fluid

hypoechoic structure

soft tissue

hyperechoic structure

bone/air

sagittal plane

coronal/frontal plane

transverse plane

sensitivity

ability of a test to result in a true positive

specificity

ability of a test to obtain normal range/negative results for those who do not have the disease

general gold standard

best diagnostic test for diagnosing a particular disease process

reference range

set of values that represent what is considered normal/expected

critical value

indicate an immediate risk to the patient

point of care testing

done near the patient (ex - BG, pregnancy, US)

provider performed microscopy

diagnostics performed by the provider common in vet/rural med (ex - KOH prep)

lab testing indications

dx, screening, risk assessment, monitor disease and therapy

components of CBC

WBC, RBC, Hgb, Hct, MCH, MCHC, MCV, RDW, platelets

components of differential

lymphocytes, neutrophils (bands and segments), eosinophils, basophils, monocytes

components of BMP

Na⁺, K⁺, BUN, creatinine, glc, Ca²⁺, Cl^-, bicarb, GFR

WBC normal range

3200-9800 (prickett) or 4000-11000 (everything else on the internet)

WBC sensitivity/specificity

very sensitive, NOT specific

hyperleukocytosis

>100,000, indicates cancer

leukocytosis

generally elevated WBC, can indicate infection, dehydration, stress

leukopenia

decreased WBC

elevated neutrophils

acute bacterial infection

left shift meaning with CBC

elevated

right shift meaning with CBC

decreased

decreased neutrophils

viral infections

elevated eosinophils

allergies, parasitic infections

elevated basophils

inflammation

decreased basophils

stress

elevated monocytes

viral diseases, parasitic

elevated lymphocytes

chronic infections

decreased lymphocytes

HIV

Hgb normal female

12-15

Hgb normal male

13.6-17.7

anemia

low hgb

erythrocytosis

too many RBCs

hematocrit

RBCs/total blood

hematocrit normal female

33-43%

hematocrit normal male

39-49%

platelets

clotting factor

platelet normal range

130,000-400,000

thrombocytosis

elevated platelets

thrombocytopenia

decreased platelets

elevated potassium

hemolysis

decreased potassium

GI loss (vomiting, diarrhea)

creatinine

muscle waste product filtered by kidneys

elevated creatinine

kidney dysfunction

blood urea nitrogen

waste product from protein breakdown

elevated BUN

kidney dysfunction, upper GI bleed

glomerular filtration rate

rate kidneys filter

decreased GFR

kidney dysfunction

components of CMP

all BMP + LFTs

alk phos, alanine transam, aspartate aminotransf, total protein, albumin, bilirubin

denisities on xray dark to light

air, fat, soft tissue/fluid, calcium, metal

x-rays

images produced using ionizing radiation

x-rays advantages

inexpensive, readily accessible

x-rays disadvantages

limited range of densities, limited detail, potential to cause cell mutations/cancer

IVP dye

iodine based dye used for CT

oral contrast

used for gastric bypass patients

barium contrast

used in GI tract

gadolinium contrast

used in MRI

CT scan

rotating x-ray beams and multiple detectors to produce images

CT measurement units

hounsfield units

CT windows

lung, mediastinal, bone

MRI

uses magnets to manipulate hydrogen ions

MRI advantages

more detailed, no radiation

MRI disadvantages

expensive, time consuming, not readily available, closed space

T1 weighted MRI

anatomic, fat realigns quickly

T2 weighted MRI

pathologic, water realigns slowly

T1 MRI colors

bright - fat

dark - water, CSF, infection/demyelination

T2 MRI colors

bright - CSF, fat, water, infection/demyelination

dark - brain white matter

fluoro

uses x-rays, CT, or MRI to perform real time visualization often with contrast

fluoro uses

GI procedures, IR/angiograms

fluoro advantages

can be relatively mobile, assess in real time

fluoro disadvantages

exposure to ionizing radiation higher than x-ray

nuc med

uses radionucleides, radio tracers

nuc med examples

SPEC, PET, HIDA, bone scintigraphy (bone scan)

thyroid nuc med affinity

iodine