IB HL BIO YR 1 UNIT ONE

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Biology

11th

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58 Terms

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Spontaneous formation of vesicles
Process where fatty acids self-assemble into spherical structures called vesicles in aqueous environments
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Last universal common ancestor (LUCA)
unicellular, autotrophic, lived in hypothermal vents, around 2.5-3.5 billion years ago

evidence- universal genetic code & conserved genes in all organisms
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reproduction
one of the 8 processes of life

all living things make new, similar living things

sexual: 2 sources of genetic information, genetic diversity

asexual: 1 source of genetic information, makes an exact copy
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homeostasis
one of the 8 processes of life

the ability to maintain a constant internal environment

ex: sweating, constant internal temperature, water/salt/pH/sugar balances
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nutrition
one of the 8 processes of life

the process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life
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response to environment
one of the 8 processes of life

organisms notice and react to stimuli (changes in environment), often leads to movement
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movement
one of the 8 processes of life

often occurs as a reaction to stimuli (changes in environment)
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growth
one of the 8 processes of life

must have a pattern of growth (maturity) and development (develop to do different jobs for the organism)
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the 8 processes of life
homeostasis

response to environment

movement

reproduction

growth

nutrition

metabolism

excretion
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ribonucleic acid
aka RNA

first genetic material

has catalytic properties
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protocells
formed spontaneously & in an aqueous environment

proto- = first, origional

less complex than current cells
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viruses
posses:

* DNA
* adapt/evole
* response to environment

\
lack:

* growth
* reproduction
* homeostasis
* metabolism
* energy use
* movement
* cells (no membrane)
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organic molecules
contain carbon, hydrocarbons
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miller-urey experiment
proved that non-living synthesis of organic molecules was possible in the assumed conditions of early earth

organic compounds can be formed from inorganic precursor molecules
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cell theory

1. all living things are made of one or more cells
2. cells are the basic unit of life
3. all cells come from pre-existing cells and multiply by division
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geotropism/gravitropism
roots grow down in response to gravity
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stimuli
change in the environment that results in some sort of response
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phototropism
stem grows towards the sunlight
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metabolism
all chemical reactions that occur in a cell
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excretion
one of the 8 processes of life

getting rid of waste caused by metabolic reactions
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prokaryotes
earliest, most primitive cells

unicellular organisms

smaller

70S ribosomes (free in cytoplasm)

cell wall, maintains shape

plasma membrane

naked DNA in a loop (nucleoid)

plasmid, horizontal gene transfer
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eukaryotes
larger, more complex

multi & unicellular organisms

membrane-bound organelles (aka compartmentalization)

80S ribosomes

plasma membrane

nucleus, DNA

smooth & rough endoplasmic reticulums

golgi apparatus, processes and packages proteins

vesicle, small sac, transports and releases
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ribosomes
responsible for protein synthesis

found in both prokaryotic (70S) and eukaryotic (80S) cells

can be free-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

translate genetic information from DNA into functional proteins
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cell membrane
\
Thin, flexible barrier surrounding all cells

Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell

Maintains cell's shape and integrity
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cell wall
found in prokaryotes, plant (composed of cellulose), and fungi (composed of chitin) cells

provides structural support

keeps shape of cell
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cytoplasm
where chemical reactions happen

found in all cells
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mitochondria
“powerhouse of the cell”

releases energy into cell
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nucleus
controls cell’s activities

stores DNA

found in eukaryotic cells
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early earth conditions
atmosphere lacked free O2

no ozone layer, more UV light reached earth’s surface

CO2 and CH4 (in the atmosphere) = greenhouse gases, trap heat, higher temperatures
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aseptate fungal hyphae
type of fungi cell

very large, multi-nucleated

cytoplasm is continuous along the hyphae, no end cell wall or membrane
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striated skeletal muscle
type of animal cell

very long (300mm)

single plasma membrane, multi-nucleated
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red blood cells
type of animal cell

no nucleus, no DNA (allows for more hemoglobin storage)
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phloem sieve tube cells
type of plant cell

“plumbing of a plant”

no nucleus, few organelles

rely on local companion cells for survival
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endosymbiotic theory
eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells

mitochondria(1st) and chloroplasts(2nd) in eukaryotic cells are thought to have once been prokaryotic cells that were engulfed and established symbiotic relationships

mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane, 70S ribosomes, circular DNA, reproduce independently (similar to binary fission)
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vacuoles
mainly in plant and fungi cells (small and temporary in animal cells)

storage systems
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cells
the smallest things considered fully alive

make up all living things
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unicellular organism
made of one cell

can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic
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multicellular organism
made of more than one cell

eukaryotic
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anabolic pathways
synthesis (building) of complex molecules from simpler molecules

condensation reaction, dehydration synthesis

2 monomers join as they lose a water molecule
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catabolic pathways
breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones

hydrolysis (hydro- water, -lysis split) reaction that disassembles polymers to create monomers

inserting a water molecule to break up larger molecules
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nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids
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polynucleotide
polymer of nucleic acids
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phosphodiester bonds
holds together monomers in nucleic acid
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nucleic acids
store, access, and transmit genetic information

DNA & RNA
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nucleotide parts
* a phosphate group


* 5 carbon (pentose) sugar
* nitrogenous base
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nitrogenous bases
DNA- thymine

both- adenine, guanine, cytosine

RNA- uracil
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purines (nitrogenous bases)
2 rings

guanine & adenine

always bond with pyrimidines
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pyrimidines (nitrogenous bases)
1 ring

cytosine, thymine, & uracil

always bond with purines
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DNA
nitrogenous bases - thymine, cytosine, adenine, & guanine

pentose sugar - deoxyribose sugar

double stranded (helix)

stores genetic information

phosphodiester bonds
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RNA
nitrogenous bases - uracil, cytosine, adenine, & guanine

pentose sugar - ribose sugar

single stranded

acesses genetic information

phosphodiester bonds
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antiparallel
same distance apart and will not intersect BUT face different directions
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hydrogen bonds
holds together the complementary base pairs in DNA

weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen and a slightly negative atom
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DNA base pairing rule
A pairs w/ T

G pairs w/ C

strands must be parallel, distance between must be uniform

purine & pyrimidine = width consistent with X-ray data
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bacteriophage
virus that infects bacteria by injecting genetic material

contains protein shell and nucleic acid core
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Hershey and Chase experiment (1952)
tested to see if proteins or DNA carried genetic material

proteins - 20 amino acids, would be more genetic diversity

DNA - only 4 bases, they thought it was unlikely to be genetic material

put radioactive sulfur in the protein shell and radioactive phosphorus in the DNA

found radioactive phosphorus in the bacteria, DNA = genetic material
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Chargaff experiment
looked at proportions of the different bases in DNA (A, T, G, C) of different species

different species have different proportions of each base

A = T, G = C, A + G = C + T
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Rosalind Franklin (experiment)
wanted to find structure of DNA

used x-ray crystallography to take pictures

DNA = double helix
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Watson and Crick (experiment)
credited with double helix model of DNA (franklin actually discovered it)

lead to base pairing rules