Studied by 47 peopleSpontaneous formation of vesicles
Process where fatty acids self-assemble into spherical structures called vesicles in aqueous environments
Last universal common ancestor (LUCA)
unicellular, autotrophic, lived in hypothermal vents, around 2.5-3.5 billion years ago
evidence- universal genetic code & conserved genes in all organisms
reproduction
one of the 8 processes of life
all living things make new, similar living things
sexual: 2 sources of genetic information, genetic diversity
asexual: 1 source of genetic information, makes an exact copy
homeostasis
one of the 8 processes of life
the ability to maintain a constant internal environment
ex: sweating, constant internal temperature, water/salt/pH/sugar balances
nutrition
one of the 8 processes of life
the process of taking in food and converting it into energy and other vital nutrients required for life
response to environment
one of the 8 processes of life
organisms notice and react to stimuli (changes in environment), often leads to movement
movement
one of the 8 processes of life
often occurs as a reaction to stimuli (changes in environment)
growth
one of the 8 processes of life
must have a pattern of growth (maturity) and development (develop to do different jobs for the organism)
the 8 processes of life
homeostasis
response to environment
movement
reproduction
growth
nutrition
metabolism
excretion
ribonucleic acid
aka RNA
first genetic material
has catalytic properties
protocells
formed spontaneously & in an aqueous environment
proto- = first, origional
less complex than current cells
viruses
posses:
DNA
adapt/evole
response to environment
lack:
growth
reproduction
homeostasis
metabolism
energy use
movement
cells (no membrane)
organic molecules
contain carbon, hydrocarbons
miller-urey experiment
proved that non-living synthesis of organic molecules was possible in the assumed conditions of early earth
organic compounds can be formed from inorganic precursor molecules
cell theory
all living things are made of one or more cells
cells are the basic unit of life
all cells come from pre-existing cells and multiply by division
geotropism/gravitropism
roots grow down in response to gravity
stimuli
change in the environment that results in some sort of response
phototropism
stem grows towards the sunlight
metabolism
all chemical reactions that occur in a cell
excretion
one of the 8 processes of life
getting rid of waste caused by metabolic reactions
prokaryotes
earliest, most primitive cells
unicellular organisms
smaller
70S ribosomes (free in cytoplasm)
cell wall, maintains shape
plasma membrane
naked DNA in a loop (nucleoid)
plasmid, horizontal gene transfer
eukaryotes
larger, more complex
multi & unicellular organisms
membrane-bound organelles (aka compartmentalization)
80S ribosomes
plasma membrane
nucleus, DNA
smooth & rough endoplasmic reticulums
golgi apparatus, processes and packages proteins
vesicle, small sac, transports and releases
ribosomes
responsible for protein synthesis
found in both prokaryotic (70S) and eukaryotic (80S) cells
can be free-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
translate genetic information from DNA into functional proteins
cell membrane
Thin, flexible barrier surrounding all cells
Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell
Maintains cell's shape and integrity
cell wall
found in prokaryotes, plant (composed of cellulose), and fungi (composed of chitin) cells
provides structural support
keeps shape of cell
cytoplasm
where chemical reactions happen
found in all cells
mitochondria
“powerhouse of the cell”
releases energy into cell
nucleus
controls cell’s activities
stores DNA
found in eukaryotic cells
early earth conditions
atmosphere lacked free O2
no ozone layer, more UV light reached earth’s surface
CO2 and CH4 (in the atmosphere) = greenhouse gases, trap heat, higher temperatures
aseptate fungal hyphae
type of fungi cell
very large, multi-nucleated
cytoplasm is continuous along the hyphae, no end cell wall or membrane
striated skeletal muscle
type of animal cell
very long (300mm)
single plasma membrane, multi-nucleated
red blood cells
type of animal cell
no nucleus, no DNA (allows for more hemoglobin storage)
phloem sieve tube cells
type of plant cell
“plumbing of a plant”
no nucleus, few organelles
rely on local companion cells for survival
endosymbiotic theory
eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells
mitochondria(1st) and chloroplasts(2nd) in eukaryotic cells are thought to have once been prokaryotic cells that were engulfed and established symbiotic relationships
mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane, 70S ribosomes, circular DNA, reproduce independently (similar to binary fission)
vacuoles
mainly in plant and fungi cells (small and temporary in animal cells)
storage systems
cells
the smallest things considered fully alive
make up all living things
unicellular organism
made of one cell
can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic
multicellular organism
made of more than one cell
eukaryotic
anabolic pathways
synthesis (building) of complex molecules from simpler molecules
condensation reaction, dehydration synthesis
2 monomers join as they lose a water molecule
catabolic pathways
breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones
hydrolysis (hydro- water, -lysis split) reaction that disassembles polymers to create monomers
inserting a water molecule to break up larger molecules
nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids
polynucleotide
polymer of nucleic acids
phosphodiester bonds
holds together monomers in nucleic acid
nucleic acids
store, access, and transmit genetic information
DNA & RNA
nucleotide parts
a phosphate group
5 carbon (pentose) sugar
nitrogenous base
nitrogenous bases
DNA- thymine
both- adenine, guanine, cytosine
RNA- uracil
purines (nitrogenous bases)
2 rings
guanine & adenine
always bond with pyrimidines
pyrimidines (nitrogenous bases)
1 ring
cytosine, thymine, & uracil
always bond with purines
DNA
nitrogenous bases - thymine, cytosine, adenine, & guanine
pentose sugar - deoxyribose sugar
double stranded (helix)
stores genetic information
phosphodiester bonds
RNA
nitrogenous bases - uracil, cytosine, adenine, & guanine
pentose sugar - ribose sugar
single stranded
acesses genetic information
phosphodiester bonds
antiparallel
same distance apart and will not intersect BUT face different directions
hydrogen bonds
holds together the complementary base pairs in DNA
weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen and a slightly negative atom
DNA base pairing rule
A pairs w/ T
G pairs w/ C
strands must be parallel, distance between must be uniform
purine & pyrimidine = width consistent with X-ray data
bacteriophage
virus that infects bacteria by injecting genetic material
contains protein shell and nucleic acid core
Hershey and Chase experiment (1952)
tested to see if proteins or DNA carried genetic material
proteins - 20 amino acids, would be more genetic diversity
DNA - only 4 bases, they thought it was unlikely to be genetic material
put radioactive sulfur in the protein shell and radioactive phosphorus in the DNA
found radioactive phosphorus in the bacteria, DNA = genetic material
Chargaff experiment
looked at proportions of the different bases in DNA (A, T, G, C) of different species
different species have different proportions of each base
A = T, G = C, A + G = C + T
Rosalind Franklin (experiment)
wanted to find structure of DNA
used x-ray crystallography to take pictures
DNA = double helix
Watson and Crick (experiment)
credited with double helix model of DNA (franklin actually discovered it)
lead to base pairing rules
Note
Flashcard