Chemistry Organics Sac

structural isomers

same molecular formula, different arrangements of their atoms

structural formula

a formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound, showing ALL bonds.

molecular formula

shows the types and numbers of atoms combined in a single molecule of a molecular compound - not condensed: C2H4O2, not CH3COOH

semistructural formula

a condensed formula that summarises the structural formula of a compound in a single line of text: CH3(CH2)5CH3

alkane

a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds CnH2n+2

alkene

a hydrocarbon containing C to C double bonds CnH2n

hydroxy

OH- Name of alcohol's functional group

carboxy

COOH Name of carboxylic acid's functional group. Suffix 'oic acid'. Always indicates the No.1 carbon.

amino

NH2 Name of amine's functional group. Suffix 'amine'.

chloro

Cl- Name of choloralkanes functional group (similar for all halogens). Bromo, Iodo, Fluro

carbonyl (ketone)

C=O on non-terminal C. Name of the functional group that represents a ketone. Suffix of 'one'.

carbonyl (aldehyde)

C=O on terminal C (with H). Name of the functional group that represents an aldehyde. Suffix of 'al'.

primary alcohol

an alcohol in which the hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached to a carbon that is attached to no more than one other carbon.

secondary alcohol

an alcohol in which the hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached a carbon that is attached to two other carbons.

tertiary alcohol

an alcohol in which the hydroxyl (-OH) group is attached to a carbon that is in turn attached to three other carbons.

primary amine

an amino where the nitrogen atom is attached to one alkyl chain (carbon)

primary amide

an amide in which two hydrogen atoms are bonded to the amide nitrogen atom

ester

COO, a linkage made by chemically combining a primary alcohol and a carboxylic acid. Suffix 'oate'

condensation reaction

a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule eg. esterification

esterification

reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water.

boiling point

the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas. Increases with increased no. of electrons. Higher for straight chain hydrocarbons than branched hydrocarbons.

viscosity

a liquid's resistance to flow. Increases with increasing intermolecular forces.

flashpoint

the lowest temperature at which a combustible material will produce an ignitable vapor. Increases with increasing intermolecular forces.

substitution reaction

reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms. Alkanes undergo substitution.

addition reaction

reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule. Alkenes undergo addition.

reagent

a substance used in a chemical reaction to detect, measure, examine, or produce other substances

hydrolysis

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water (opposite to condensation).

oxidation of secondary alcohols

produces ketones, evidence is an unpleasant smell

oxidation of tertiary alcohols

will not happen

atom economy

a measure of the amount of reactants that end up as desired products (formula in Data Book).

percentage yield

the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield, multiplied by 100 (formula in Data Book). Can be increased by increasing K.

permanganate oxidising agent (in acidic conditions)

changes from purple (+7) to colourless (+2)

dichromate oxidising agent (in acidic conditions)

changes from orange (+6) to green (+3)

nomenclature

naming system (VCAA use IUPAC rules)

oxidation of a primary alcohol

primary alcohol -> aldehyde -> carboxylic acid

carbohydrate

condensation polymerisation of glucose molecules - contains ether linkage

protein

condensation polymerisation of amino acids - contains amide linkage

triglyceride

a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule formed by condensation reactions - contains ester linkage

glycosidic linkage

also known as ether linkage - between glucose molecules

peptide linkage

also known as amide linkage - between amino acids