5.5. - Influenza & AIDS/HIV

What’s the portal of entry of Influenza?

mouth/nose

What’s the portal of exit of Influenza?

mouth/nose

What does Influenza target? (what cells)

mucocilliary escelator

Since Influenza damages the mucocilliary escelator, it sets a person up for risk of secondary infection of ______ _______.

bacterial pneumonia

Typically, the age mortality of influenza is within the ____ _____ and ____ _____.

very young, very old

Why do infants/children under 1 years old have a higher influenza mortality rate?

anatomy of their mucocilliary escelator is shorter

Why do older people have higher influenza mortality rate?

immunocompromised

H1N1 is ___ type Influenza; It caused a pandemic in ____

A; 2009

H2N3 is ___ type

A

Antigenic shift = ______

pandemic (big deal!)

Antigenic drift =

common (happens every year)

Spanish Flu occurred in _____; It’s considered one of the most devestating pandemics

1918

What type and strain of influenza was the Spanish Flu?

H1N1 type A

What was the death rate of the Spanish Flu?

100 million

Mortality rates of the Spanish Flue ____ around the world.

varied

The spanish flu not only affected infants and elderly people, but also ____ ______.

young adults (20 year olds)

What war was going on at the time the Spanish Flu was around?

WW1

So since (young adult) soldiers had high stress → weaker immune systems → so more of them _____ due to Influenza

died

Older adults had lower mortality rates than the 20 y/o because?

they had prior immunity from H1N1 in 1870s ^{(younger gen unfamiliar so no antibodies)}

Also the influenza virus depnding on a persons ______ ______ went from the upper respiratory → lower respiratory ^{(destructive pneumonia, cytokine storm)}

genetic predisoposition

What’s the typically strain of Bird Flu or Avion Flu?

H5N1

The goal as of now is to prevent ______ _____ with bird flu (prevent risk of making supervirus)

human contact

Most humans are currently ____ susceptible to bird flu, but a few are due to ______ ________

not; genetic predisposition

The fear of Bird Flu is that a suceptible human will become host to bird flu & _____ ____ causing Antigenic _____

human flu; shift

This combination of a person having bird & human flue can create a _____ _______ that is human transmissible

novel supervirus

Worst case scenario, this supervirus of bird flu & human flu would have a mortality rate of ___%

50%

AIDS →

aquired immunodeficiency syndrome

The Risk Groups for AIDS was (4H)

homosexual men, heroin addicts, hemophiliac (blood transfusion), Haiti

Back then though, the only sympathy of the 4H’s mostly went to the _______.

Hemophiliacs

By _____, a retrovirus (HIV) was suspected to be the cause of AIDS

1984

HIV →

human immunodeficiency virus

What was the first drug used to treat HIV? (1987)

AZT

Was AZT successful in the long run?

no

HIV is what type of virus? (3) (nucleic acid strategy, type of virus)

enveloped, retrovirus, (+) ss RNA

HIV in particular had an enzyme called →

reverse transcriptase

Reverse Transcriptase allows ____ to convert back into ____

RNA; DNA

So HIV’s (+) ss RNA → reverse transcriptase → created ?

ds DNA

So from there, the HIV’s newly created ds DNA will do either 2 things:

1. latency

2. create active virus

To make an active HIV virus, the ds DNA uses ____ ________ to make many (+) ss RNA strands

RNA polymerase

Then it will send the newly made (+) ss RNA strands to a ______ to make ____ _____, ______, and ______ _______.

ribosome: protien capsid, spikes, reverse transcriptase

Then the (+) ss RNA and ____ ____ will get packaged into the newly made HIV viruses.

reverse transcriptase

HIV adsorbs to what type of cells?

CD4+ cells

What is a known CD4+ cell that HIV targets?

helper T cells (T_H)

So at first innoculation of HIV, there’s a ____ _____ seen on the graph.

huge spike

Then the HIV dies down due to our _______ producing Anti-HIV

antibodies

However, does the HIV ever get reduced to 0?

no (latency period)

So when a person has HIV latency, are they symptomatic or not symptomatic?

not

Additionally, gradually our T_H cells decrease, causing a rise in ____. (comes out of latency)

HIV

When HIV+ individuals have a T_H ≤ _____ microliters, a clinical diagnosis fo AIDS is given

200

Most people die from AIDS from 2 things:

1. opportunistic pathogens

2. cancer

HIV transmisibility is based on 2 things:

1. Viral Load

2. Likelihood virus finds CD4+ cell

Viral Load is →

how many viruses are within a drop of body fluid

Viral Load really depends on what ____ of HIV the person’s in

stage (latency has less viral load than other)

Likelihood virus finds CD4+ cell is based on likelihood virus finds its way into ____.

blood ^{(sharing dirty needles, sexual transmitance)}

Semen contains a lot of ____; and anal sex causes tearing = blood access

HIV

The treatment of HIV and AIDS is a _____ ______ called _____

drug cocktail; HAART

Is HAART expensive or cheap?

exspensive

HAART is composed of 3+ drugs to ensure ?

virus mutations don’t cause treatment resistance

Does HAART cure AIDS/HIV? Why?

no; there’s always going to be some virsuses in latency

HAART is very ______; most people will live an _____ lifespan if taken accordingly.

effective; average