Cytoplasm, ER, Ribosomes, and Golgi

Doses below 10 Gy are considered __________, and may be treated with cell therapies

Survivable

Name for condition caused by radiation exposure, can impact various body systems depending on amount

Acute Radiation Syndrome

A dose of 50 Gy causes central nervous system damage and is ________

Lethal

Very high/lethal doses of _________ can cut up chromosomes

Radiation

The gel-like substance that is rich in organic material; includes the organelles outside the nucleus, as well as dissolved molecules, ions, and water

Cytoplasm

Gives volume and function to the cell

Cytoplasm

The __________ nature of the cytoplasm also acts as a shock absorber for the cell

Aqueous

The cytoplasm contributes to the ________ of the cell

Plasticity

A reticulum of interconnected tubular membranes and flattened sacs (cisternae)

Endoplasmic reticulum

A fine, netlike structure of mesh of thread-like structures

Reticulum

The ER represents ______ of all cell membranes

Half

This is a protein nursery and sorting complex

Endoplasmic reticulum

_________ is stored in the endoplasmic reticulum for signaling and cell functions

Calcium

The ER can make its own ________

Membranes

All membranes except mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from the _________ _________

Endoplasmic reticulum

Distinguished by its membrane-bound ribosomes; continuous with the nuclear envelope

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes in the ER make ________ and deposit them in the lumen of the rough ER

Proteins

The Rough ER is involved in _______ metabolism and assembly

Protein

The three-dimensional shape of the protein is formed in the rough ER; the major factor is the ________ _______ _______, and chaperones assist with folding

Amino acid sequence

Has no ribosomes; location where phospholipids are made

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum performs ______ metabolism and storage

Lipid

Hormones and lipids are mainly made in the ______ _______ ________

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is location for ________ storage for muscles

Calcium

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for ________ and detoxification of many drugs

Inactivation

This is located between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Major molecular machine in the cytoplasm; site of protein synthesis

Ribosomes

Ribosomes are ________ complexes

Supramolecular

Eukaryotic ribosomes consist of a small and large ________

Subunit

Consists of seventy-eight proteins and four rRNA molecules

Ribosome

The ribosome subunits _________ when not making protein

Disassemble

These have no membrane

Ribosomes

They can be floating freely in the cytoplasm or bound to the ER

Ribosomes

Ribosomes are different between humans and _________

Bacteria

Cellular packaging plant; modifies proteins and lipids

Golgi

Processes materials to be removed from the cell; packages products into vesicles for transport and ships them to the plasma membrane and other organelles

Golgi

Golgi is the site of post-translational modifications that make the protein ________

Functional

Golgi adds sugars, known as _________, and other modifications to protein molecules coming from the ER

Glycosylation

Makes and secretes mucus; mucus absorbs water; epithelial cells in the stomach product mucus, indicating active these

Golgi

The Golgi is organized with distinct functional regions based on its stacks (_________)

Cisternae

Typically 5-8 of these per golgi; they stack to give functional regions

Cisternae

Cisternae in Golgi provide space for ________ and compartmentalization for different sugars

Glycosylation

This has a receiving end and a shipping end

Golgi

The ____ Golgi is the receiving end; it is functionally fused with the ER

Cis

The _____ Golgi is the shipping end; it is getting close to the plasma membrane and releases vesicles which can then be released from cells

Trans

Function in digestion of unwanted cellular components and food via hydrolases; operate at a low pH

Lysosomes

They break down the molecules into their base components (which can then be recycled); overall process is lysis

Lysosomes

Contain enzymes for oxidation reductions; generate and degrade hydrogen peroxide

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are important in ________ _______ metabolism

Fatty acid

Peroxisomes require molecular ________

Oxygen

A single membrane compartment where liquid or fatty matter is stored; very pronounced in plant cells

Vacuoles

In adipocytes, the vacuole is filled with __________

Triglycerides