animal health

Why are good sanitation programs essential?

They prevent disease and parasites.

How should new additions to herds be handled?

Carefully, to prevent the spread of diseases and parasites.

What causes anthrax?

Bacteria that may remain in the soil for 40 years or longer.

Which animals are mainly affected by anthrax?

Cattle and sheep.

How do bacteria usually enter an animal's body?

Through the mouth, nose, or open wounds.

What does BRSV affect?

The cells that line the respiratory system.

What is the consequence of BRSV infection?

The respiratory system is weakened and becomes more vulnerable to other infections.

What is bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)?

A chronic disease affecting the central nervous system of cattle, also known as mad cow disease.

What symptoms do cattle affected by BSE show?

Nervousness, aggression, muscle twitching, abnormal posture, weight loss, decreased milk production, and difficulty rising.

What causes BSE?

A misfolded protein called a prion.

What is bovine virus diarrhea (BVD)?

A common disease throughout the United States.

How does BVD spread?

By contact, and it may be carried on a person's shoe.

What causes black leg?

Bacteria that grow only in the absence of oxygen.

When is black leg most serious?

When the bacteria lodge deep in wounds.

What is bovine respiratory disease (BRD)?

A major problem for beef and dairy cattle producers.

What percentage of feedlot diseases does BRD account for?

Up to 80 percent.

What factors complicate BRD?

Environmental, host, management factors, and stress.

What is brucellosis?

A disease caused by microorganisms that causes heavy economic losses in the cattle industry.

How is brucellosis spread?

By infected cattle brought into the herd.

When should calves be vaccinated to increase disease resistance?

Between 2-6 months of age.

What is enteritis (scours)?

A disease complex most common in young calves during fall, winter, and spring.

How should buildings for calving be maintained?

They must be kept particularly clean.

What do HOG producers lose due to disease and parasites?

Millions of dollars

Which pens should receive the most attention when cleaning and disinfecting facilities?

PENS for young pigs

What management practice helps control diseases and parasites?

Isolation

What are abscesses?

Swelling filled with pus due to bacterial infection

What are the most effective immediate treatments for infections?

Penicillin and tetracycline injections

Where are the turbinate bones located in pigs?

In the snout

At what age do milder forms of diseases have little effect on pigs?

After 9 weeks old

How long should additions to the herd be isolated?

30 days

Can healthy-appearing pigs be carriers of disease?

Yes

What should atrophic rhinitis not be confused with?

Bull nose

How is avian tuberculosis spread?

From chicken to hogs

Is there a treatment for hogs infected with avian tuberculosis?

No

How is Hog Cholera classified by the USDA?

As an exotic (foreign) disease

What should be done to furrow crates or pens before putting in sows?

Sanitize and wash them

What is the practicality of drug treatment for newborn pigs?

Limited protection and generally not practical

What age group does swine dysentery most commonly affect?

Pigs from 8 to 14 weeks of age

What should not be purchased from a herd?

Animals from a herd that has had dysentery during the past 2 years

What helps prevent edema in pigs?

Elimination of stress conditions

What causes eperythrozoonosis?

A small bacterium-like organism attached to red blood cells

What causes exudative epidermis?

A common bacterium that lives on the skin

What condition is caused by a lack of sugar in the diet?

Hypoglycemia

What causes rickets in pigs?

Lack of calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin D in the diet

Where do lice tend to cluster on hogs?

In the ears, inside the legs, and around the neck folds

What are the four groups of internal parasites that affect hogs?

Roundworm, tapeworm, flukes, and protozoa

What is referred to as porcine stress syndrome?

The sudden death of heavily muscled hogs

What is the normal body temperature range for sheep?

100.9 to 103.8°F

What is the normal body temperature range for goats?

101.7 to 105.3°F

What is a virus?

A self-reproducing agent that is considerably smaller than a bacterium and can only multiply within a living host.

What disease causes sheep to lose their appetite and become sluggish?

Bluetongue

What is caprine arthritis encephalopathy (CAE)?

A virus that causes goats to get encephalitis when young and chronic joint pain as an adult.

What is encephalitis?

An inflammation of the brain that could be caused by CAE.

What is enterotoxaemia?

A disease caused by a bacterium.

What is toxemia?

A condition resulting from the spread of bacterial toxins through the bloodstream.

What happens if an animal is having convulsions?

Death will follow quickly.

What usually affects sheep during extremely wet weather?

Foot scald

What disease causes the udder to become hot, hard, swollen, and sore?

Mastitis

What is navel-ill?

Affects young sheep and goats within a few days of birth, causing fever, loss of appetite, and depression.

What disease affects the central nervous system of sheep and goats?

Scrapie

What is a causative agent?

A biological pathogen that causes disease.

What does tetanus cause in sheep and goats?

Inability to eat, and rigid jaw and tail.

What does vibriosis or Campylobacteriosis cause in sheep?

One sheep in the flock to abort, followed by an increase in the flock's abortion rates.

Anhydrosis

A condition in which horses do not sweat normally.

Anthrax

A serious bacterial disease that is zoonotic.

Azoturia

A nutritional disorder.

Colic

A disease complex encompassing a wide range of conditions that affect the horse digestive tract.

Cushing's Syndrome

Hyperadrenocorticism, disease caused by a small benign tumor in the pituitary gland.

Distemper

Caused by bacterium, spreads quickly from horse to horse.

Encephalomyelitis

A disease that affects the brain, caused by several viruses.

Equine infectious anemia

Caused by a virus, carried by.

Founder

A nutritional blood disorder, AKA Laminitis.

Heaves

A nutritional disorder that affects the respiratory system.

Tetanus

Caused by bacteria, usually enters through puncture wounds.

Ascarids

A parasitic roundworm that infest intestines.

Bots

The larvae of the botfly.

Pinworms

Cause several itching and irritation of the anal region of the animal.

Strangyles

Parasitic, bloodsucking worms that attack organs and tissues.

Brucellosis

A dairy disease of major concern.

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis

A dairy disease of major concern.

Bovine Virus Diarrhea

A dairy disease of major concern.

Parainfluenz-3

A dairy disease of major concern.

Mastitis

One of the major causes of economic losses in dairy herds.

Dairy Quality Assurance Programs

Created by the National Milk Producers Federation, designed to help farmers produce high-quality milk.

Chronic Mastitis

A more serious economic problem than the acute form.

Leukocytes

White blood cells that fight infections; increased in milk when mastitis is present.

Somatic cells

Leukocytes and body cells; counts above 300,000 usually indicate a bacterial infection.

Displaced abomasum

A condition where the abomasum moves out of place in the abdominal cavity; more common in dairy cattle.

Detained placenta

A condition where the placenta is not discharged within 12-24 hours after calving.

Ketosis

A nutritional disorder causing cows' blood sugar levels to drop, usually occurs 6-8 weeks after calving.

Metritis

An infection in the uterus, usually present in cows that are too fat at calving.

Milk fever

Results from a shortage of calcium salts in the blood, more common in older cows.