AP Euro Unit 6

Conservatism

Conservatism

a. ideology b. Europe c. In the nineteenth century, this ideology promoted the power of established religion, the landholding classes, and legitimate monarchs. This ideology dominated Europe in the early nineteenth century after the defeat of Napoleon.

Edmund Burke

a. British and Irish philosopher b. Britain c. He is considered to be one of the first modern conservatives for his opposition to the French Revolution. He believed that the French Revolution caused change too quickly and that reform must be gradual.

Reflection on the Revolutions in France

a. Book b. Britain c. This book was written by Edmund Burke. In this book, Burke argued that the French Revolution caused change too quickly and that reform must be gradual.

Joseph de Maistre

a. Writer b. France c. This émigré of the French Revolution believe that the Catholic Church should be foundation of society since all political authority stemmed from God. He argued that the monarch should not tolerate reformers and that the "first servant of the crown should be the executioner."

Nationalism

a. Ideology b. Europe c. Following Napoleon's invasion of most of continental Europe, this ideology gained popularity from Portugal to Russia. It promoted the importance of the nation and was often strengthened by newspapers which made Europeans feel connected to the events in their country.

Grimm Brothers

a. Folk writers b. Germany c. These brothers highlighted the literary component of nationalism. They recorded old German folktales such as Cinderella, Snow White, and Sleeping Beauty to reveal a national German spirit.

Liberalism

a. ideology b. Europe c. In the early nineteenth century, this ideology promoted natural rights, written constitutions, and the importance of parliamentary bodies. This ideology was particularly popular among the urban middle class.

Natural Rights

a. idea b. Europe c. This idea was developed by seventeenth-century philosopher John Locke. Locke argued that the government's sole job was to protect the rights of "life, liberty, and property." This idea was particularly important to nineteenth-century liberalism.

Adam Smith

a. economist b. Scotland c. Scottish professor of economics at the University of Edinburgh. He wrote the book The Wealth of Nations in which he argued that government should conduct a laissez faire approach to the economy in order to create a free market. These ideas became the basis for capitalism.

The Wealth of Nations

a. book b. Scotland c. A book written by Adam Smith and published in 1776. In this book, Smith argues that government should conduct a laissez faire approach to the economy in order to create a free market. These ideas became the basis for capitalism.

Thomas Malthus

a. Economist b. England c. He believed that population growth would outstrip food production. Factory owners that read Malthus used him to justify low wages, in the hopes that workers would not reproduce.

David Ricardo

a. Economist b. England c. He proposed the "Iron Law of Wages" which argued that the only way for factory owners to be competitive were to offer lower wages to workers. Workers could not be paid too little, because they would die of starvation.

"Iron Law of Wages"

a. Idea b. England c. This idea, developed by David Ricardo, argued that only way for factory owners to be competitive were to offer lower wages to workers. Workers could not be paid too little, because they would die of starvation.

John Stuart Mill

a. philosopher b. England c. English philosopher believed that the government should intervene and help workers achieve economic justice. He later drifted to Socialism, and believed that the government must find a way to more equitably distribute the nation's wealth. He was married to Harriet Taylor.

Jeremy Bentham

a. Philosopher b. England c. He was a utilitarian that believed government should provide "the greatest good for the greatest number." These ideas radically challenged Locke's notion of a government's purpose.

Harriet Taylor

a. Philosopher b. England c. She wrote On the Subjugation of Women in which she called for full female equality. She was married to John Stuart Mill.

Socialism

a. ideology b. Europe c. This ideology was rooted in the radical Jacobin idea of equality for all and for the equitable distribution of wealth. It gained in popularity during the Industrial Revolution and the rapid increase in Europe's material wealth. Offshoots of this ideology include "utopian" and "scientific."

"Utopian Socialist"

a. ideology b. Europe c. This was originally a derogatory term for earlier Socialist given by Karl Marx. This ideology argued that poor environments corrupted human nature (Rousseau), criticized capitalism for unemployment, and suffering brought on by low wages. Marx believed that earlier Socialists' plans were unrealistic with a modern society.

Karl Marx

a. Socialist writer and philosopher b. Germany c. He wrote The Communist Manifesto which focused on how the proletariat (industrial working class) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle class) to create equally distributed wealth. The Communist Manifesto was a particularly emotive book that called on the working class to overthrow the bourgeoisie.

Louis XVIII of France

a. king b. France c. He was the younger brother of Louis XVI. A weak constitution meant that this king had significant power in France. He clamped down on individual rights and the freedom of the press in France.

Charles X

a. King b. France c. He was an "ultra-royalist" that attempted to restore absolute monarchy in France. He tried to repay the land lost by the nobility in the Revolution, but the Liberals in the legislative assembly opposed him. Finally, he issued July Ordinances.

"July Ordinances"

a. Document b. France c. This document was issued by Charles X of France. It imposed rigid censorship on the press. It dissolved the legislative assembly and the number of voters was reduced in the new election

July Revolution of 1830

a. Revolution b. France c. This Revolution was in response to Charles X's restrictive July Ordinances. It saw the ousting of Charles X in favor of Louis Phillippe, the "July Monarch." He was also known as the Bourgeois King because his policy mainly supported middle class people, who in turn supported him.

Louis Phillipe "the July Monarch"

a. King b. France c. Following the July Revolution in France, he was chosen to rule France. He was considered the "bourgeois monarch" because it was believed that his rule would be in the interest of France's bourgeois class.

Carbonari

a. group b. Italy c. This group was known as the "Coal burners" for their secret night gatherings in which they discussed creating a united Italy. They were a significant influence in the history of Italian nationalism.

Troppau Protocol

a. protocol b. Austria c. Protocol in which Austria, Russia, and Prussia agreed that the great European powers had the right to intervene in revolutionary situations. Austria was particularly opposed to nationalism.

Lord Byron

a. poet b. England c. He was a Romantic poet that sent his own money to aid the Greek fleet in their struggle against the Ottomans. He died of disease in Greece fighting alongside Greek army.

"Eastern Question"

a. question b. Ottoman Empire c. This "question" was about the fate of the declining Ottoman Empire. In the Greek War of Independence, Britain, France, and Russia intervened on the side of Greece against the Ottomans. In 1832, Greece declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire.

"The Sick Man of Europe"

a. Nickname b. Ottoman Empire c. This nickname was given to the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire was in constant decline throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Serbians

a. people b. Serbia c. In the nineteenth century, this group of people aspired for independence from the Ottoman Empire. After gaining independence, they sought to unite all Southern Slavs into a "Yugoslavia." Their aspirations troubled the balance of power in Southeastern Europe.

Alexander I of Russia

a. czar b. Russia c. He ruled Russia during the Napoleonic invasions. He toyed with reform prior to the invasions, but became reactionary after the Napoleonic invasions.

Nicholas I of Russia

a. czar b. Russia c. This czar brutally put down the Decembrist Revolt, which was a failed revolt led by military officers for liberal change in Russia. His repression of this revolt ensured that any reform movement in the country was dead.

Peterloo Massacre

a. Massacre b. Manchester, England c. This was a gathering of 60,000 English people in St. Peter's field in Manchester to demand universal male suffrage, annual parliaments, and an end to grain tariffs. To repress this gathering, British soldiers shot and killed 15. The first word is a play on "Waterloo."

The Combination Acts (1829)

a. Law b. United Kingdom c. These acts banned union activity in Industrial Britain. The acts show the power of the bourgeoisie in repressing the labor movement.

The Great Reform Bill (1832)

a. Law b. United Kingdom c. This bill expanded the electorate so that one in five British males could vote. It also reduced the number of "rotten boroughs," or sparsely populated electoral districts.

The Poor Law of 1834

a. Law b. United Kingdom c. New middle class Parliament showed a new harshness to the poor. This law forced the destitute to enter into workhouses where conditions were purposefully miserable to discourage people from seeking assistance.

Factory Act of 1833

a. Law b. United Kingdom c. This law reduced the number of hours that children could work in factories and established government inspectors to ensure adequate working conditions. It was passed in the same year that slavery was banned in the British Empire.

Corn Laws

a. Law b. United Kingdom c. These laws placed tariffs on incoming wheat (known in Britain as "corn.") These laws were particularly hated in industrial urban areas because they disadvantaged city people for the gain of the landholding elite. These laws were eventually repealed.

Emperor Francis Joseph I of Austria

a. Emperor b. Austria c. He came to the throne in 1848, reigned until mid-way through World War I. He relied heavily on the military to subdue the nationalistic revolts. All nationalities within the Austrian Empire wanted their reforms realized.

Louis Blanc

a. Journalist, political leader b. France c. This journalist called for fundamental economic and social change. He forced the government to set up national workshops to provide jobs for the unemployed.

National Workshops

a. Workshops for the poor b. France c. These workshops were brought about during the Second French Republic due to the advocacy of Louis Blanc. Although Parisians supported the workshops, the vast majority of the country did not, and they were shuttered shortly after they were opened.

Emperor Napoleon III

a. Emperor b. France c. He was elected as president of the Second French Republic. Many believed he would be the puppet of the Assembly, especially due to his love of ballerinas. He overthrew the Assembly in 1852 and established the Second French Empire.

Frederick William IV of Prussia

a. Emperor b. Prussia c. This emperor of Prussia was threatened by street violence and, thus, promised reform, especially freedom of the press and a constitution. He was originally open to the idea of a united Germany led by a constitutional monarch, but he later rejected the idea in 1848 as a "crown from the gutter."

Louis Kossuth

a. Revolutionary leader b. Hungary c. He was a Hungarian nationalist, inspired by uprising in France called for a constitution that would grant Hungary greater independence in the Austrian Empire. The Czechs had an uprising, Austrian students marched on Vienna, Metternich fled, but all are brutally repressed with the help of Russia. Kossuth flees Hungary, goes to Turkey, attempts to persuade America and Britain to sponsor Hungarian nationalism but this fails.

Grossedeutsche vs Kleindeutsche

a. Proposals b. Germany c. In 1848, these were the two proposals for a united German nation. The first of the two options meant a Germany that included Austria. The second option called for a smaller Germany without Austria. Both proposals were rejected by the Emperor of Prussia.

Charles Albert

a. King b. Sardinia c. In 1848, this King of Sardinia-Piedmont took up the banner of Italian nationalism and was crushed by Austria. His Sardinia-Piedmont would later unite Italy in the late nineteenth century.

Chartism

a. Political movement b. United Kingdom c. This movement centered on the belief that working class problems could be addressed by Parliament. The working class signed massive charters calling for reforms, these were politely presented to Parliament.

The People's Charter of 1838

a. Charter b. United Kingdom c. This charter was the main charter of the Chartist movement. It demanded universal adult-male suffrage, a secret ballot, the payment of members of Parliament, and yearly elections.