ATI TEAS all subjects

Writing Process Steps

Prewriting, drafting, revising, proofreading, citing sources, publishing

Pre writing steps

Brainstorming, planning, outlining

Writing steps

Drafting and writing

What stage does the writing process formally begin

The writing stage

Post writing steps

Revising, proofreading, citing sources, publishing

3 parts to the cardiac cycle

Rest phase, atrial systole/ventricular diastole, ventricular systole/atrial diastole

Rest phase (cardiac cycle)

Heart fills with blood

70% of blood filled into ventricles

Atrial systole (Cardiac cycle)

Atrias contract pushing remaining 30% of blood into ventricles via tricuspid and bicuspid valves

Ventricular systole

BC and TC valves shut ("lub") and ventricles contract- pushing blood out to lungs via pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery; or body via aortic valve and aorta; shutting of these 2 valves = "dub"

ECG phases

P wave, QRS complex, T wave

P wave

Represents atrial depolarization

Just before atria contracts

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization

Just before ventricular contraction

T wave

ventricular repolarization

Occurs just before the ventricles relax/diastole

P-R interval

Prolonged can indicate a conduction problem

QT interval

Represents ventricular systole

Prolonged indicates heart damage

Order of electrical impulses through heart

SA node (Pacemaker) -> AV node -> AV bundle (Bundle of His)

Intercalated discs

In cardiac muscle; help transmit electrical impulses across sections of muscle

Nodes (heart)

Help generate action potential with help from intercalated discs

SA node

"Pacemaker"

In right atrium

Controls heart rate

Hormones that affect heart rate

Epinephrine and norepinephrine- speed up heart

Acetylcholine- slow down heart

AV node

Helps convey electrical impulses to left atrium via bachman's bundle

Located in base of right atrium

AV Bundle (Bundle of His)

Can generate electrical impulses between 20-40BPM

Connects atria and ventricles

Sends impulses to the right and left bundle branches

PURKINJIE fibers

Cells that conduct impulses all throughout heart

Allow for even emptying of the ventricles

Cardiac output

the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

Measure of ventricular efficiency

Cardiac output formula

CO = SV x HR

Stroke volume

The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction.

Starling's law

The force of contraction in the ventricles will increase with an increase in blood in the ventricles

Preload (cardiac output)

The degree of ventricular stretching during ventricular diastole

Directly proportional to EDV

High preload -> high SV -> higher cardiac output

Hypertension

Chronically elev. blood pressure of 140/90mm Hg or more

Stroke

Damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply.

Types of strokes

ischemic and hemorrhagic

Ischemic stroke

a type of stroke that occurs due to a blocked artery

Most common type

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Temporary disruption of blood supply that doesn't cause lasting symptoms

Hemorrhagic stroke

Stroke caused by leaking or bursting of a blood vessel

Aneurysm

Abnormal bulge/ballooning of a blood vessel

Can rupture leading to internal bleeding and death

Arteriosclerosis

General hardening of arteries

Atherosclerosis

Buildup of plaque in walls of a blood vessel

Specific type of arteriosclerosis

Arrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm

Tachycardia

Too fast HR

Bradycardia

Too slow HR

Ectopic

Too early HR

4 types of arrythmias

Tachycardia

Bradycardia

Ectopic

Irregular

Myocardial infarction

Heart attack

Usually caused by an artery blockage

4 major components of blood

RBC, WBC, platelets, plasma

Erythrocites

RBCs

Carry oxygen

No organelles/nucleus

Where are RBCs formed?

red bone marrow from hemocytoblasts

What hormone stimulates RBC production?

Erythropoietin from the kidneys/liver

Anemia

Decrease in RBC

Substances needed to make RBC

Iron, B12, folic acid

Leukocytes

WBC

Contain nucleus and organelles

2 types: granulocytes and agranulocytes

Where are WBCs produced

red bone marrow

3 kinds of granulocytes

eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

2 kinds of agranulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

Eosinophil actions

Moderate allergic rxns. And defend against parasites

Basophil actions

Promotes inflammation via histamines

Neutrophil actions

Ingests bacteria, viruses and debris by "phagocytosis"

Monocyte actions

Cleanup debris and bacteria/viruses by phagocytosis

Lymphocyte actions

Provide immune support

2 types of lymphocytes

T cells and B cells

Platelets

Fragments of cells that can stick together to create clotting and also promote vasocontriction

Plasma

Mostly water

Contains hormones, proteins, carbs, lipids, vitamins, amino acids and cellular wastes

Antigen

Structure on surface of RBCs that designates the blood type

3 antigens

A, B, Rh

Type O blood

contains neither A or B antigen on the surface of its blood cell, but contains both anti-a and anti-B antibody in its plasma

Universal donor

Rh+

Compatible with either Rh + or - blood

Rh-

Only compatible with Rh-

Agglutination

Adverse rxn. Occurring when incompatible blood types mix

Characterized by RBC clumping

Antibody

Structure in blood plasma that attaches to specific antigens

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

This disease occurs in the fetus if the fetus is Rh+ while the mother is Rh-.

Hemostasis

Processes in the blood to stop bleeding

Prostate gland in men

Secretion of fluid that contributes to sperm motility and viability

Seminal vesicle

Secretes an alkaline viscous fluid that contains fructose and clotting proteins

Vas deferens

Transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

Luteinizing hormone

Produced by anterior pituitary gland to stimulate ovulation and testosterone production

Follicle stimulating hormone

a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that promotes the formation of ova or sperm.

Anterior pituitary gland hormones secreted

GH, TSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin

Intermediate pituitary hormone secreted

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Posterior pituitary gland hormones secreted

Oxytocin (stored), vasopressin, anti-diuretic hormone

Pineal gland hormone secreted

Melatonin

Hypothalamus hormones secreted

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, dopamine, growth-hormone releasing hormone, somatostatin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone, oxytocin, vasopressin

Thyroid hormones secreted

Thyroxine, triiodothyronine

Correct order of structures that transport urine from the collecting ducts to the urethra?

Collecting ducts, minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

What type of immunity are vaccines

Active immunity

Active immunity

Involves exposure to killed or weakened forms of a disease ie vaccines

Passive immunity

Temporary protection from diseases brought by introduction of antibodies from another person

Innate immune system

Non-specific barriers and cellular responses that acts immediately following infection

Osteoblasts

Cells responsible for bone matrix synthesis and calcification

Osteoclasts

Cells that remove the calcified bone matrix during bone growth and remodeling

Hydroxyapatite

Crystal mineral formed during bone calcification to which collagen will later be embedded

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Hormone that stimulates the pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) which in turn stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

Correctly order smallest to largest: milli, kilo, Deci, micro, nano

Nano, micro, milli, deci, kilo

7 SA base units of measurement

Length- meter

Time- second

Amount of substance- mole

Electric current- ampere

Temperature- kelvin

Luminous intensity- candela

Mass- kilogram

Analytical balances

The most common way to measure the mass of a substance in a chemical lab

Most useful for measuring sub-milligram (0.001g) masses

Volume formula

V=LxWxH

Empirical data

Based on observation and measurements

Why are control groups used in experiments

Used in experiments to ensure the number of variables that influences a data set is minimized

Goal of a double blind experiment

The goal is to reduce or eliminate biases from both the researcher and their subjects by keeping which treatments patients receive a secret from both the researcher and subject

Always more accurate than a single blind experiment

Single blind experiment

Only the patient is unaware of the treatment they are receiving

Correlation coefficient

A measure of the magnitude and direction of the relationship between two variables

The closer the coefficient is to +1 or -1 the stronger the relationship

Correlations in research

Statistical measure that indicates the extent to which 2+ variables change together