UCSD Anth 23 midterm 1--Stewart

Discourse

concept written by micheal foucoult; statements that represents a mean for representing knowledge

1. Enables classification

2. Functions as set of images

3. Provides model of comparison

4. Offers criteria of evaluation

5. Does not go away, but only changes forms.

Stuart Hall

godfather of multiculturalism

Regime of Truth

When discourse is successful in organizing power relations

Self-government

Granting of limited sovereignty within the nation (like Native American tribes)

Poly-ethnic rights

Financial support and legal protection of tradition practices

Group rights

Self-government, poly-ethnic rights, & representation

Stereotypical dualism

Stereotype divided into good and bad aspects; west is good, everything else wrong; binary opposities

Cannibals and noble savages

Reduce other to cardboard cut out; do not credit them with any humanity

Contact hypothesis

Being exposed to other people makes you more familiar and trusting towards them

Conflict theory

Being exposed to others makes you fear them and trust ppl more like you, especially when resources are scarce

Racial formation

Permanent struggle with racial structurization and signification; representing race; associated with specific role in social structure

Structurization

preconditions of action and cumulative result of human actions; structure shapes agency and agency determines structure

Institutional racism

Caused by broad patterns of socialization; requires difficult structural solutions; redlining, racial profiling, subconscious prejudice, devaluation of minority cultures

Redlining

Denying services to certain areas due to their ethnicity & racial makeup

Anti-anti racism

Claims anti-racism is reverse discrimination against whites

Code words

Use of coded language; ex: urban, gang members

White public space

Whites are invisibly normal, colored populations are minimal

Mock Spanish

Using Spanish words in humorous or negative senses

Racial script

Defining one racial group with what is attributed to another

Diasporic citizenship

Type of transnationalism; practices that cross national boundaries and indicates membership in 2+ nation states

Transnational Identity

Process by which immigrants forge and sustain social relations that link together their home societies

Segmented assimilation/oppositional identity

Different ways an immigrant may assimilate into a new society: into mainstream, underclass, cholos vs chicanos

Indian termination policy

Relocation (Public law 280): indians and Alaskan natives moved from reservations to cities

American indian movement

Encouraged ethnic activism, backlash against gov trend towards assimilation

Cultural citizenship

Process of self-making and being made

Neoliberalism

Democracy and free markets; privatization of health care and gov services over social programs

Neoliberal citizenship

Civic duty of individuals to reduce burden on society and build human capital

Orientalism

Depiction of eastern cultures is an exoticizing, condescending way

Individual ethnic renewal

When individual rediscovers or claims ethnic identity

Collective ethnic renewal

Reconstucting an ethnic commumity

Chameleon effect

Flexibly fitting in with multiple groups

stereotype threat

mentioning a stereotype can make people more likely to conform to it

The West

is a discourse not an objective fact

Mercator Projection

Europe becomes the center of the world: Eurocentric

Maps

are part of a discourse that creates and organizes knowledge and power

Regime of Truth

discourse contests and constructs truth rather than trying to discover it

Legacies of Colonialism

contact with the New World peoples inspired theorist to speculate on the nature of humanity. Aims to distinguish Europeans from other people

Stereotypical Dualism

differences are glossed over and reduced to a simplified imagined essence. This stereotype is divided into its good and bad aspects

Orientalism

a way of depicting Eastern or other cultures in a romantic, exotic, and condescending way that tends to replicate and justify power disparities

Stereotypes and Agency

stereotypes reduce the "other" to a cardboard cut-out and don't credit them with any sort of humanity or agency

Will Kymlicke

argues that the sole focus on individual rights undermines the culture and self-governance of minority communities

Nationalism

belief that cultural/ethnic boundaries should correspond to political boundaries. Each nation should have a state

Ethnicity as Process

used subjectively and socially constructed, dynamic, relational, and negotiable

Ethnic Groups

categories of ascription and identification by the actors themselves

Ethnicity

primarily a mode of ascription consisting of overt expressions of identity and values by which one judges and claims to be judged

Poly-ethic Society

society requires agreed upon rules for governing inter-ethnic interaction and limits on interaction in certain areas

Ethnic Inequality

caused by an ethnic group's control over means of production

Ethnicity and Agency

ethnicity limits individual roles and partners in social interactions

Classical Liberalism

a political tradition that supports individual rights and democratic secular government

Universal Human Rights

if each individual has the same, innate, human rights, then diversity should not be a problem

Ethnic Conflicts

democracies often allow minorities to be oppressed or underrepresented

National Minority

has distinct territory, language, and history of self-governance that predates the nation

Ethnic group

distinct cultural community that arrives via immigration, voluntary or coerced

External Protections

protect minority community from tyranny of majority

Internal Restrictions

restrict freedoms of individuals within the minority community by allowing oppressive traditional practices

Self-government (group right)

granting of limited sovereignty within the nation, like Native American tribes

Poly-ethic Rights (group right)

financial support and legal protection of traditional practices

Representation (group right)

designated seat or proportion of delegates in national government

Recognition (poly-ethic right)

holidays, heritage months, cultural districts

Language Rights (poly-ethic right)

education, signage, documents in native language

Religious Exemptions

to military service, dress codes, etc.

Affirmative Actions

efforts to recruit minorities for employment and/or admission to higher education

Race

social mechanism invented during the 18th century to refer to those populations brought together in colonial America

Racial Differences

are socially constructed and reproduced and have no basis in biology

What is Racism

ideological and structuralist

Racial Signification

associating race with a role, function, or lack thereof in society

Racial Structuration

how society creates certain expectations and opportunities for different racial groups and how individuals reinforce or challenge these roles

Structuration

Social structure consists of the context and preconditions of action and the cumulative result of human actions and interactions

Racial Formation

how cultural signification of race and structural effects of race interact in racial projects

Institutional Racism

redlining, racial profiling, subconscious prejudice, systematic devaluation of minority cultures

Redlining

FHA guidelines declare diverse communities to be high risk and all-white suburbs to be low-risk

Block-busting

encouraging whites to sell homes because a Black family is moving in, which will lower property values

Steering

real estate agents show minority home buyers homes in lower income minority areas and whites homes in white areas

Symbolic Capital

Power is associated with symbols and the ruling class determines which symbols are valued, defines what is good taste

Colorblind Approach

assumes racism results from individual prejudice and is mostly an artifact of the past and focuses on individual instances of racism, but ignores larger systematic issues. Can be racist if it allows racial domination to persist

Anti-anti-racism

coded language, denials of racist intent, focus on cultural differences and national identity

Restrictive

racists projects discriminate against or give advantage to an individual on the basis of the color of his/her skin

Dominance

discourse is racist if it establishes, justifies, and/or sustains practices that maintain systematically asymmetrical relations of racial domination

Color Consciousness

reverse racism against white majority makes black citizens "more equal",

makes dependents out of those it intends to help,

exacerbates racial division and conflict, increases power of government bureaucrats

Racial Profiling

African Americans are overrepresented in prisons and tend to receive longer sentences for the same crimes as whites

Black Lives Matter

Leaderless movement with some local chapters making extreme statements and staging controversial protests

Weapons of the Weak

When protesting yields no results and one cannot afford legal representation, violence, self-immolation, hunger strikes, or even rioting can make one's voice heard

Anomie

"rootlessness or normlessness" when individuals have no sense of place or purpose in society Sense of frustration when society presents goals without a realistic path to attain them

Strain Theory

posits that this can result in individual cases of criminality

Cultural Appropriation

Adopting aspects of a marginalized culture, often for personal gain, without regard for original context, meanings, history, and community behind them

Racial Triangulation

Asians portrayed as different from Whites but superior to Blacks

Neocolonialism

process by which media images "erase differences among Arabs, Middle Easterners, and Muslims...

Erasure

Political, religious, and geographic differences erased by stereotypes

Latinx

a gender neutral alternative to Latino/a, which means a "Latin person" in Spanish, referring to someone from Latin American

Hispanic

includes all Spanish-speakers

Chicanx/o/a

refers to Mexican-Americans, once considered derogatory, since the 1960s, it has been reclaimed by activists to express pride in mixed Spanish/indigenous heritage

La Raza

"the race," refers to the 'race' formed by mixing Spanish and indigenous peoples

Latinx Paradox

despite relative poverty, Hispanic immigrants are the healthiest U.S. demographic in mental and other illnesses. But their health decreases among 2nd, 3rd and later generation Hispanic Americans

Acculturation

With more time in the US, immigrants are more likely to begin smoking, drink more alcohol, and become overweight. But they tend to exercise more.

Social Closure

being higher in the status hierarchy improves ones chances in life, and those higher in the hierarchy also use power to enhance or preserve one's place in the hierarchy

Status Incongruence

when lifestyle exceeds what is expected for one's occupational or educational status, increases blood pressure and decreases health

Medical Disempowerment

Doctors tend to accept a lower quality of life among Black

Structural Violence

Describes how the structure of society systematically deprives or harms groups of people. Is a function of the political economic organization of society in which all of its members are complicit, but no one is easily blamed