MICROBIO (1ST PRELIM & MIDTERM) (MAKAPASA CUTIEE)

Makapasa cutie!!!

Louis Pasteur

Louis Pasteur

French chemist known as the father of microbiology, introduced the term 'microbiology' and demonstrated that fermentation was caused by the growth of bacteria and yeast.

Algology

Branch of microbiology that studies algae.

Agricultural Microbiology

Study of the relationships between microorganisms and crops, focusing on controlling plant diseases and improving yield.

Koch's postulates

Criteria to establish a microbe as the cause of a disease

Chemotherapeutic agents

Drugs used to treat diseases caused by microorganisms

Diplococci

Pairs of joined round-shaped bacteria

Staphylococci

Grape-like clusters of cocci

Streptococci

Chains of round-shaped bacteria

Capsule

Protective layer made of polysaccharides

Cell wall

Rigid structure providing support and protection to bacteria

Microbiology

The study of living organisms of microscopic size including bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses.

Microorganisms

Organisms that cannot be seen by the naked eye and are only visible under a microscope; present everywhere on earth.

Bacteriology

Branch of microbiology that studies bacteria.

Mycology

Branch of microbiology that studies fungi.

Protozoology

Branch of microbiology that studies protozoa.

Parasitology

Branch of microbiology that studies parasites.

Genetics

Branch of microbiology that studies heredity and variation.

Immunology

Branch of microbiology that studies the mechanisms involved in the development of resistance by the body to infectious diseases.

Medical Microbiology

Deals with the study of causative agents of infectious diseases in human beings.

Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Study of microorganisms responsible for the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vaccines, vitamins, and other pharmaceutical substances.

Industrial Microbiology

Study of industrially useful microorganisms in the production of various compounds like alcoholic beverages, vitamins, amino acids, and antibiotics.

Food Microbiology

Study of the interaction of microorganisms with food, food processing, food spoilage, foodborne diseases, and food preservation.

Soil Microbiology

Branch of science dealing with the study of soil microorganisms, their functions, and how they affect soil properties.

Aquatic Microbiology

Study of microorganisms and their activity in fresh and marine water bodies.

Air Microbiology

Study of the role of aerospora in food contamination, spoilage, and the spread of plant and animal diseases.

Epidemiology

Concerned with the monitoring, control, and spread of diseases in communities.

Prokaryotes

Microorganisms whose genetic material is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane.

Eukaryotes

Microorganisms whose genetic material is enclosed by a nuclear membrane.

Germ Theory of Disease

Theory proposing that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases.

Koch's Postulates

Criteria established by Robert Koch for determining the causative agent of a disease.

Pure culture

Isolated microbe grown alone for study

Salvarsan

Drug introduced by Paul Ehrlich for syphilis treatment

Penicillin

Antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming from penicillium notatum

Streptomycin

Antibiotic discovered by SA. Waksman

Cocci

Round-shaped bacteria

Bacilli

Rod-shaped bacteria

Coccobacilli

Small rod-shaped bacteria resembling cocci

Spirilla

Bacteria with a spiral shape and stiff body

Spirochetes

Bacteria with a spiral shape and flexible body

Fusiform

Bacteria with a thick central body and tapering ends

Vibrio

Comma-shaped bacteria

Diplobacilli

Pairs of joined rod-shaped bacteria

Palisades

Bacilli grouping at odd angles

Sarcina

Cocci forming cubes in groups of eight

Streptobacilli

Chains of rod-shaped bacteria

Tetrad

Cocci remaining in groups of four after division

Flagellum

Structure providing bacterial motility

Pilus/Fimbria

Glycoprotein aiding bacterial adherence to surfaces

Spore

Resistant structure found in Gram-positive bacteria

Slime (S) layer

Polysaccharide network aiding surface adherence

Outer membrane

Layer containing endotoxin in Gram-negative bacteria

Periplasm

Space between cytoplasmic and outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria

Cytoplasmic membrane

Phospholipid sac with embedded proteins in bacteria

Anaerobes

Microorganisms susceptible to oxidative damage

Facultative anaerobes

Microorganisms using oxygen or fermentation for energy

Obligate intracellular

Microorganisms relying on host ATP and residing inside cells

Facultative intracellular

Microorganisms capable of living inside or outside cells

Encapsulated bacteria

Microorganisms with capsules serving as virulence factors

Opsonization

Marking pathogens for phagocytosis

Capsular polysaccharide + protein conjugate

Antigen enhancing vaccine immunogenicity

Urease-positive organisms

Microorganisms hydrolyzing urea to raise pH

Catalase-positive organisms

Microorganisms degrading H2O2 using catalase

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, urease-positive cocci in clusters; normal skin microbiota, infects prosthetic devices

Clostridium septicum

Causes spontaneous gas gangrene, associated with colonic malignancy

Staphylococci

A group of Gram-positive cocci bacteria that are catalase-positive.

Tetanospasmin

Exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani causing tetanus by blocking release of GABA and glycine, leading to spastic paralysis and characteristic symptoms like trismus, risus sardonicus, and opisthotonos

Cereulide

Preformed toxin causing diarrheal type symptoms like watery, nonbloody diarrhea and GI pain within 8-18 hours

Novobiocin

Antibiotic to test sensitivity; Staphylococcus saprophyticus is resistant, Staphylococcus epidermidis is sensitive

Optochin

Antibiotic to test sensitivity; Viridans streptococci are resistant, Streptococcus pneumoniae is sensitive

Bacitracin

Antibiotic to test sensitivity; Group B strep are resistant, Group A strep are sensitive

Hemolytic bacteria

Bacteria categorized based on their hemolytic activity on blood agar

α-hemolytic bacteria

Partial oxidation of hemoglobin resulting in a greenish or brownish color without clearing around growth on blood agar; includes Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans streptococci

β-hemolytic bacteria

Complete lysis of RBCs resulting in a pale/clear area surrounding colony on blood agar; includes Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Listeria monocytogenes

Staphylococcus aureus

Gram-positive, β-hemolytic, catalase-positive, coagulase-positive cocci in clusters; causes various diseases and syndromes, including toxic shock syndrome and food poisoning

MRSA

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; causes serious healthcare-associated and community-acquired infections

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, urease-positive cocci in clusters; normal genital tract microbiota, common cause of uncomplicated UTI in young females

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Gram-positive, α-hemolytic, lancet-shaped diplococci; causes diseases like meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia, and sinusitis

Viridans group streptococci

Gram-positive, α-hemolytic cocci; normal oropharynx microbiota, causes dental caries and infective endocarditis

Streptococcus pyogenes

Gram-positive cocci in chains; causes various diseases like pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo, toxic shock-like syndrome, and rheumatic fever

Streptococcus agalactiae

Gram-positive cocci, bacitracin-resistant, β-hemolytic; colonizes vagina, causes pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis in babies

Streptococcus bovis

Gram-positive cocci; colonizes the gut, can cause bacteremia and infective endocarditis

Enterococci

Gram-positive cocci; normal colonic microbiota, resistant to penicillin G, causes UTI, biliary tract infections, and infective endocarditis

Entero

Intestine

Faecalis

Feces

Strepto

Twisted (chains)

Coccus

Berry

Bacillus anthracis

Gram ⊕, spore-forming rod that produces anthrax toxin consisting of protective antigen, lethal factor, and edema factor. Has a polypeptide capsule (poly d-glutamate). Colonies show a halo of projections, sometimes called "medusa head" appearance. Both cutaneous and pulmonary anthrax may be complicated by hemorrhagic meningitis

Cutaneous anthrax

Painless papule surrounded by vesicles, ulcer with black eschar uncommonly progresses to bacteremia and death. Inhalation of spores, most commonly from contaminated animals or animal products, although also a potential bioweapon. Symptoms include flu-like symptoms that rapidly progress to fever, pulmonary hemorrhage, mediastinitis, and shock.

Bacillus cereus

Gram ⊕ rod. Causes food poisoning. Spores survive cooking rice (reheated rice syndrome). Keeping rice warm results in germination of spores and enterotoxin formation. Emetic type causes nausea and vomiting within 1-5 hours. Diarrheal type causes watery, nonbloody diarrhea and GI pain within 8-18 hours. Management involves supportive care.

Clostridia

Gram ⊕, spore-forming, obligate anaerobic rods. Tetanus toxin and botulinum toxin are proteases that cleave SNARE proteins involved in neurotransmission.

Clostridium tetani

Produces tetanospasmin, an exotoxin causing tetanus. Symptoms include spastic paralysis, trismus, risus sardonicus, opisthotonos. Prevent with tetanus vaccine. Treat with antitoxin, antibiotics, diazepam, and wound debridement.

Clostridium botulinum

Produces a heat-labile toxin that inhibits ACh release at the neuromuscular junction, causing botulism. Symptoms include diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, dyspnea, descending flaccid paralysis. Treatment involves human botulinum immunoglobulin.

Clostridium perfringens

Produces α-toxin that can cause myonecrosis and hemolysis. Spores germinate in food, leading to late-onset food poisoning symptoms. Can cause gas gangrene and spontaneous gas gangrene.

Clostridioides difficile

Produces toxins A and B, leading to watery diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. Associated with antibiotic use. Can cause fulminant infection. Diagnosed by PCR or antigen detection. Treatment involves oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin.

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Transmitted via respiratory droplets. Causes diphtheria via exotoxin inhibition of protein synthesis. Symptoms include pseudomembranous pharyngitis with lymphadenopathy. Lab diagnosis based on gram ⊕ rods with metachromatic granules. Prevent with toxoid vaccine. Treatment involves diphtheria antitoxin and erythromycin or penicillin.

Listeria monocytogenes

Facultative intracellular rod acquired by ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products and cold deli meats. Can cause various infections and is treated with ampicillin.

Nocardia

Gram ⊕ aerobe found in soil. Causes pulmonary infections and is treated with sulfonamides (TMP-SMX).A genus of weakly acid-fast, branching filamentous bacteria

Actinomyces

Gram ⊕ anaerobe found in normal oral, reproductive, and GI microbiota. Causes oral/facial abscesses and is treated with penicillin. A genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria that are not acid-fast.

Gas gangrene

Caused by Clostridium perfringens, presents as soft tissue crepitus

Botulinum toxin

Inhibits ACh release, causing botulism, 5 D's: diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, dyspnea, descending flaccid paralysis