Makapasa cutie!!!
Louis Pasteur
French chemist known as the father of microbiology, introduced the term 'microbiology' and demonstrated that fermentation was caused by the growth of bacteria and yeast.
Algology
Branch of microbiology that studies algae.
Agricultural Microbiology
Study of the relationships between microorganisms and crops, focusing on controlling plant diseases and improving yield.
Koch's postulates
Criteria to establish a microbe as the cause of a disease
Chemotherapeutic agents
Drugs used to treat diseases caused by microorganisms
Diplococci
Pairs of joined round-shaped bacteria
Staphylococci
Grape-like clusters of cocci
Streptococci
Chains of round-shaped bacteria
Capsule
Protective layer made of polysaccharides
Cell wall
Rigid structure providing support and protection to bacteria
Microbiology
The study of living organisms of microscopic size including bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses.
Microorganisms
Organisms that cannot be seen by the naked eye and are only visible under a microscope; present everywhere on earth.
Bacteriology
Branch of microbiology that studies bacteria.
Mycology
Branch of microbiology that studies fungi.
Protozoology
Branch of microbiology that studies protozoa.
Parasitology
Branch of microbiology that studies parasites.
Genetics
Branch of microbiology that studies heredity and variation.
Immunology
Branch of microbiology that studies the mechanisms involved in the development of resistance by the body to infectious diseases.
Medical Microbiology
Deals with the study of causative agents of infectious diseases in human beings.
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Study of microorganisms responsible for the production of antibiotics, enzymes, vaccines, vitamins, and other pharmaceutical substances.
Industrial Microbiology
Study of industrially useful microorganisms in the production of various compounds like alcoholic beverages, vitamins, amino acids, and antibiotics.
Food Microbiology
Study of the interaction of microorganisms with food, food processing, food spoilage, foodborne diseases, and food preservation.
Soil Microbiology
Branch of science dealing with the study of soil microorganisms, their functions, and how they affect soil properties.
Aquatic Microbiology
Study of microorganisms and their activity in fresh and marine water bodies.
Air Microbiology
Study of the role of aerospora in food contamination, spoilage, and the spread of plant and animal diseases.
Epidemiology
Concerned with the monitoring, control, and spread of diseases in communities.
Prokaryotes
Microorganisms whose genetic material is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane.
Eukaryotes
Microorganisms whose genetic material is enclosed by a nuclear membrane.
Germ Theory of Disease
Theory proposing that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases.
Koch's Postulates
Criteria established by Robert Koch for determining the causative agent of a disease.
Pure culture
Isolated microbe grown alone for study
Salvarsan
Drug introduced by Paul Ehrlich for syphilis treatment
Penicillin
Antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming from penicillium notatum
Streptomycin
Antibiotic discovered by SA. Waksman
Cocci
Round-shaped bacteria
Bacilli
Rod-shaped bacteria
Coccobacilli
Small rod-shaped bacteria resembling cocci
Spirilla
Bacteria with a spiral shape and stiff body
Spirochetes
Bacteria with a spiral shape and flexible body
Fusiform
Bacteria with a thick central body and tapering ends
Vibrio
Comma-shaped bacteria
Diplobacilli
Pairs of joined rod-shaped bacteria
Palisades
Bacilli grouping at odd angles
Sarcina
Cocci forming cubes in groups of eight
Streptobacilli
Chains of rod-shaped bacteria
Tetrad
Cocci remaining in groups of four after division
Flagellum
Structure providing bacterial motility
Pilus/Fimbria
Glycoprotein aiding bacterial adherence to surfaces
Spore
Resistant structure found in Gram-positive bacteria
Slime (S) layer
Polysaccharide network aiding surface adherence
Outer membrane
Layer containing endotoxin in Gram-negative bacteria
Periplasm
Space between cytoplasmic and outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria
Cytoplasmic membrane
Phospholipid sac with embedded proteins in bacteria
Anaerobes
Microorganisms susceptible to oxidative damage
Facultative anaerobes
Microorganisms using oxygen or fermentation for energy
Obligate intracellular
Microorganisms relying on host ATP and residing inside cells
Facultative intracellular
Microorganisms capable of living inside or outside cells
Encapsulated bacteria
Microorganisms with capsules serving as virulence factors
Opsonization
Marking pathogens for phagocytosis
Capsular polysaccharide + protein conjugate
Antigen enhancing vaccine immunogenicity
Urease-positive organisms
Microorganisms hydrolyzing urea to raise pH
Catalase-positive organisms
Microorganisms degrading H2O2 using catalase
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, urease-positive cocci in clusters; normal skin microbiota, infects prosthetic devices
Clostridium septicum
Causes spontaneous gas gangrene, associated with colonic malignancy
Staphylococci
A group of Gram-positive cocci bacteria that are catalase-positive.
Tetanospasmin
Exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani causing tetanus by blocking release of GABA and glycine, leading to spastic paralysis and characteristic symptoms like trismus, risus sardonicus, and opisthotonos
Cereulide
Preformed toxin causing diarrheal type symptoms like watery, nonbloody diarrhea and GI pain within 8-18 hours
Novobiocin
Antibiotic to test sensitivity; Staphylococcus saprophyticus is resistant, Staphylococcus epidermidis is sensitive
Optochin
Antibiotic to test sensitivity; Viridans streptococci are resistant, Streptococcus pneumoniae is sensitive
Bacitracin
Antibiotic to test sensitivity; Group B strep are resistant, Group A strep are sensitive
Hemolytic bacteria
Bacteria categorized based on their hemolytic activity on blood agar
α-hemolytic bacteria
Partial oxidation of hemoglobin resulting in a greenish or brownish color without clearing around growth on blood agar; includes Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans streptococci
β-hemolytic bacteria
Complete lysis of RBCs resulting in a pale/clear area surrounding colony on blood agar; includes Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Listeria monocytogenes
Staphylococcus aureus
Gram-positive, β-hemolytic, catalase-positive, coagulase-positive cocci in clusters; causes various diseases and syndromes, including toxic shock syndrome and food poisoning
MRSA
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; causes serious healthcare-associated and community-acquired infections
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, urease-positive cocci in clusters; normal genital tract microbiota, common cause of uncomplicated UTI in young females
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram-positive, α-hemolytic, lancet-shaped diplococci; causes diseases like meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia, and sinusitis
Viridans group streptococci
Gram-positive, α-hemolytic cocci; normal oropharynx microbiota, causes dental caries and infective endocarditis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Gram-positive cocci in chains; causes various diseases like pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo, toxic shock-like syndrome, and rheumatic fever
Streptococcus agalactiae
Gram-positive cocci, bacitracin-resistant, β-hemolytic; colonizes vagina, causes pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis in babies
Streptococcus bovis
Gram-positive cocci; colonizes the gut, can cause bacteremia and infective endocarditis
Enterococci
Gram-positive cocci; normal colonic microbiota, resistant to penicillin G, causes UTI, biliary tract infections, and infective endocarditis
Entero
Intestine
Faecalis
Feces
Strepto
Twisted (chains)
Coccus
Berry
Bacillus anthracis
Gram ⊕, spore-forming rod that produces anthrax toxin consisting of protective antigen, lethal factor, and edema factor. Has a polypeptide capsule (poly d-glutamate). Colonies show a halo of projections, sometimes called "medusa head" appearance. Both cutaneous and pulmonary anthrax may be complicated by hemorrhagic meningitis
Cutaneous anthrax
Painless papule surrounded by vesicles, ulcer with black eschar uncommonly progresses to bacteremia and death. Inhalation of spores, most commonly from contaminated animals or animal products, although also a potential bioweapon. Symptoms include flu-like symptoms that rapidly progress to fever, pulmonary hemorrhage, mediastinitis, and shock.
Bacillus cereus
Gram ⊕ rod. Causes food poisoning. Spores survive cooking rice (reheated rice syndrome). Keeping rice warm results in germination of spores and enterotoxin formation. Emetic type causes nausea and vomiting within 1-5 hours. Diarrheal type causes watery, nonbloody diarrhea and GI pain within 8-18 hours. Management involves supportive care.
Clostridia
Gram ⊕, spore-forming, obligate anaerobic rods. Tetanus toxin and botulinum toxin are proteases that cleave SNARE proteins involved in neurotransmission.
Clostridium tetani
Produces tetanospasmin, an exotoxin causing tetanus. Symptoms include spastic paralysis, trismus, risus sardonicus, opisthotonos. Prevent with tetanus vaccine. Treat with antitoxin, antibiotics, diazepam, and wound debridement.
Clostridium botulinum
Produces a heat-labile toxin that inhibits ACh release at the neuromuscular junction, causing botulism. Symptoms include diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, dyspnea, descending flaccid paralysis. Treatment involves human botulinum immunoglobulin.
Clostridium perfringens
Produces α-toxin that can cause myonecrosis and hemolysis. Spores germinate in food, leading to late-onset food poisoning symptoms. Can cause gas gangrene and spontaneous gas gangrene.
Clostridioides difficile
Produces toxins A and B, leading to watery diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. Associated with antibiotic use. Can cause fulminant infection. Diagnosed by PCR or antigen detection. Treatment involves oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Transmitted via respiratory droplets. Causes diphtheria via exotoxin inhibition of protein synthesis. Symptoms include pseudomembranous pharyngitis with lymphadenopathy. Lab diagnosis based on gram ⊕ rods with metachromatic granules. Prevent with toxoid vaccine. Treatment involves diphtheria antitoxin and erythromycin or penicillin.
Listeria monocytogenes
Facultative intracellular rod acquired by ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products and cold deli meats. Can cause various infections and is treated with ampicillin.
Nocardia
Gram ⊕ aerobe found in soil. Causes pulmonary infections and is treated with sulfonamides (TMP-SMX).A genus of weakly acid-fast, branching filamentous bacteria
Actinomyces
Gram ⊕ anaerobe found in normal oral, reproductive, and GI microbiota. Causes oral/facial abscesses and is treated with penicillin. A genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria that are not acid-fast.
Gas gangrene
Caused by Clostridium perfringens, presents as soft tissue crepitus
Botulinum toxin
Inhibits ACh release, causing botulism, 5 D's: diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, dyspnea, descending flaccid paralysis